Contents of amino acids in glanded (Gd) cottonseed meal and their water soluble (WSF) and insoluble (WIF) fractions, total protein isolate (PI) and water (PIw)- and alkali (PIa)-extracted protein isolates.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3).</p

Content of gossypol enantiomers in glanded cottonseed meal products.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3).</p><p>Content of gossypol enantiomers in glanded cottonseed meal products.</p

Content (% of dry matter) of crude protein in cottonseed and soy meal and their products.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3) per total nitrogen (TN) and amino acid (AA) contents.</p><p>^a Not determined.</p><p>^b No PIw and PIa were prepared from glandless cottonseed and soy.</p><p>Content (% of dry matter) of crude protein in cottonseed and soy meal and their products.</p

Contents (percent of dry matter) of acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed meals and their water insoluble (WIF) and soluble (WSF) fractions.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3).</p><p>^a Less than detected limit.</p><p>Contents (percent of dry matter) of acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed meals and their water insoluble (WIF) and soluble (WSF) fractions.</p

Selected carbohydrates in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed and soy meal, and their water soluble (WSF) and insoluble (WIF) fractions, total protein isolate (PI) and water (PIw)- and alkali (PIa)-extracted protein isolates.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3).</p

Contents (percent of protein) of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential and non proteinous amino acids (NAAs), amino acids with polar side chains (AAsP), and amino acids with nonpolar side chains (AAsN) in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed and soy meals and their water insoluble (WIF) and soluble (WSF) fractions, total protein isolate (PI) and water(PIw)- and alkali (PIa)-extracted protein isolates.

<p>Data are presented in average (n = 2 or 3). Different letter after values in a column of the same type of meals indicate significantly difference at <i>P</i> ≤ 0.05.</p><p>Contents (percent of protein) of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential and non proteinous amino acids (NAAs), amino acids with polar side chains (AAsP), and amino acids with nonpolar side chains (AAsN) in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed and soy meals and their water insoluble (WIF) and soluble (WSF) fractions, total protein isolate (PI) and water(PIw)- and alkali (PIa)-extracted protein isolates.</p

Contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, and B in glanded (Gd) and glandless (Gl) cottonseed and soy meal, and their water soluble (WSF) and insoluble (WIF) fractions, total protein isolate (PI) and water (PIw)- and alkali (PIa)-extracted protein isolates.

<p>Data are presented in average with standard error (n = 2 or 3).</p

Microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter and its biogeochemical behaviors in aquatic environments: A review

Microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter (MP-DOM) exerts great effects on organic carbon pool and its environmental behaviors in natural waters due to increasing amounts of uncontrolled plastic disposal. However, systematic understanding of chemical composition and environmental impacts of MP-DOM in aquatic systems was limited. In this work, the chemical and molecular structures of MP-DOM derived from diverse characterization methods were examined and synthesized to provide a basis for understanding their environmental processes. Additionally, those factors affecting the quantity and quality of released MP-DOM (e.g., plastic types, water environments, and external weathering conditions) were reviewed. Furthermore, environmental behaviors of MP-DOM including its biological degradation, adsorption on mineral surfaces, and interaction with pollutants, as well as their environmental impacts were comprehensively summarized. Finally, we outlooked the future research directions on MP-DOM studies, aiming to contribute to a deeper understanding of the environmental mechanisms and control of plastic pollution through the analysis of MP-DOM. This review provides information for further understanding the impact of microplastics on natural water, which might have consequences on the fluxes of carbon and biogeochemical behaviors of metal and organic contaminants. The structural features, influence factors, and biogeochemical behavior of MP-DOM were reviewed.Compared with NOM, MP-DOM is dominated by labile aliphatic compounds.UV exposure, high temperature and alkalinity solution could promote MP-DOM release.MP-DOM actively interacts with environmental media and alters their environmental fate. The structural features, influence factors, and biogeochemical behavior of MP-DOM were reviewed. Compared with NOM, MP-DOM is dominated by labile aliphatic compounds. UV exposure, high temperature and alkalinity solution could promote MP-DOM release. MP-DOM actively interacts with environmental media and alters their environmental fate.</p

Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

The role of sediment-bound organic phosphorus (P_o) on lake eutrophication was studied using sequential extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis by collecting sediments from Dianchi Lake, China. Bioavailable P_o species including labile monoester P, diester P, and phytate-like P were identified in the sequential extractions by H₂O, NaHCO₃, and NaOH. For the H₂O–P_o, 36.7% (average) was labile monoester P, 14.8% was diester P, and 69.9% was phytate-like P. In NaHCO₃–P_o, 19.9% was labile monoester P, 17.5% was diester P, and 58.8% was phytate-like P. For NaOH–P_o, 25.6% was labile monoester P, 7.9% was diester P, and 35.9% was phytate-like P. Labile monoester P was active to support growth of algae to form blooms. Diester P mainly distributed in labile H₂O and NaHCO₃ fractions was readily available to cyanobacteria. Phytate-like P represents a major portion of the P_o in the NaOH fractions, also in the more labile H₂O and NaHCO₃ fractions. Based on results of sequential extraction of P_o and enzymatic hydrolysis, lability and bioavailability was in decreasing order as follows: H₂O–P_o > NaHCO₃–P_o > NaOH–P_o, and bioavailable P_o accounted for only 12.1–27.2% of total P_o in sediments. These results suggest that the biogeochemical cycle of bioavailable P_o might play an important role in maintaining the eutrophic status of lakes

Characterization of Organic Phosphorus in Lake Sediments by Sequential Fractionation and Enzymatic Hydrolysis

The role of sediment-bound organic phosphorus (P_o) on lake eutrophication was studied using sequential extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis by collecting sediments from Dianchi Lake, China. Bioavailable P_o species including labile monoester P, diester P, and phytate-like P were identified in the sequential extractions by H₂O, NaHCO₃, and NaOH. For the H₂O–P_o, 36.7% (average) was labile monoester P, 14.8% was diester P, and 69.9% was phytate-like P. In NaHCO₃–P_o, 19.9% was labile monoester P, 17.5% was diester P, and 58.8% was phytate-like P. For NaOH–P_o, 25.6% was labile monoester P, 7.9% was diester P, and 35.9% was phytate-like P. Labile monoester P was active to support growth of algae to form blooms. Diester P mainly distributed in labile H₂O and NaHCO₃ fractions was readily available to cyanobacteria. Phytate-like P represents a major portion of the P_o in the NaOH fractions, also in the more labile H₂O and NaHCO₃ fractions. Based on results of sequential extraction of P_o and enzymatic hydrolysis, lability and bioavailability was in decreasing order as follows: H₂O–P_o > NaHCO₃–P_o > NaOH–P_o, and bioavailable P_o accounted for only 12.1–27.2% of total P_o in sediments. These results suggest that the biogeochemical cycle of bioavailable P_o might play an important role in maintaining the eutrophic status of lakes