Molecular modelling of two optimal docking predictions.

<p>A. Docking prediction of LSA surrounding gp120 V3 loop. B. Details of the interaction between V3 loop and LSA molecule (four amino acids G-P-G-R displayed in CPK mode interacting with LSA molecule). C. Docking prediction showing LSA binding to the proximity of CD4 binding site (CDbs) (the CD4bs residues, Glu370, Ile371, Trp427, Val430 and Gly473, were labeled by CPK mode). D. LSA might block or interfere CD4 binding to gp120. Red, cyan and yellow represented CD4 molecule, gp120 and LSA molecule, respectively.</p

LSA effect on NF-κB activation and modulation of IL-8 production.

<p>A. IL-1α/β and IL-8 secretions by VK2/E6E7 cells after exposure to LSA for 6 hours. B. Quantification of NF-κB activation in VK2/E6E7 cells post-incubation with various concentration of LSA using a NF-κB luciferase reporter plasmid. N-9 (10 μg/ml) was used as a positive control for the stimulation of NF-κB, cytokines and chemokines productions. *: P<0.05 and **: P<0.01.</p

CC₅₀ values of cytotoxicity of LSA in human cell lines.

<p>CC₅₀ values of cytotoxicity of LSA in human cell lines.</p

LSA did not destroy epithelium integration.

<p>A. ZO-1, E-cadherin and occludin expressions in HEC-1-A and Caco-2 cells after LSA treatment for 6, 24 and 48 hours. B. Lucifer Yellow leakage through HEC-1-A or Caco-2 monolayers after treatment with serial concentrations of PSM for 48 hours. TNF-α treatment (100 ng/ml) was used as a positive control. Each datum point was mean of triplicate and the experiment was repeated twice. A representative experiment was shown. *: P<0.05 and **: P<0.01.</p

The effect of LSA on the gp120-specific mAb binding.

<p>gp120-specific mAbs were incubated in the presence of various concentrations of LSA with immobilized gp120_IIIB (A), gp120_ADA (B) or gp120_YU-2 (C) in a 96-well plate. AP-conjugated anti-human secondary antibody was added after excess LSA and the first antibodies were removed. The results were presented as the percentage of mAb binding. Each datum point was the means of triplicate and the experiment was repeated 3 times. A typical experiment was shown. Error bars denote standard error of the mean values.</p

The effect of LSA on anti-CD4 mAb binding.

<p>MT-2 cells were incubated with a panel of CD4-specific mAbs with or without the presence of various concentrations of LSA for 30 minutes at 4°C. The bindings of the mAbs to the cell surface CD4 were measured by FACS and expressed as the percentages of mAb binding in the absence of LSA. Error bars represented standard deviations. Each datum point was the means of the triplicate and the experiment was performed 2–3 times. A representative experiment was shown.</p

The effect of LSA on the anti-CCR5/CXCR4 mAb binding.

<p>CCR5-specific mAb binding to Ghost (3) X4/Hi5 cells (A) were inhibited by LSA (dashed block) or Nifeviroc, a CCR5 antagonist serving as a control (solid block), or CXCR4-specific mAb bindings to Ghost (3) X4/Hi5 cells (B) were inhibited by LSA (dashed block) or AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist serving as a control (solid block). Ghost (3) X4/Hi5 cells in suspension were incubated with anti-CCR5/CXCR4 mAbs in the presence of various concentrations of LSA or Nifeviroc for 30 minutes at 4°C. The binding of the mAbs to the cell surface co-receptors was measured by FACS. Data shown were the average of three independent experiments. Error bars denote standard errors of individuals.</p

CIs for LSA with AZT or nevirapine in Ghost (3) X4/Hi5 cells infected with JR-FL and HXB2 strains.

<p>a. CI <0.1: very strong synergism; 0.1–0.3: strong synergism; 0.3–0.7: synergism; 0.7–0.85: moderate synergism; 0.85–0.90: slight synergism; 0.9-1.1: Nearly additive and >1.1: antagonism.</p

DataSheet1_Multi-Objective Optimization Design of Ladle Refractory Lining Based on Genetic Algorithm.docx

Genetic algorithm is widely used in multi-objective mechanical structure optimization. In this paper, a genetic algorithm-based optimization method for ladle refractory lining structure is proposed. First, the parametric finite element model of the new ladle refractory lining is established by using ANSYS Workbench software. The refractory lining is mainly composed of insulating layer, permanent layer and working layer. Secondly, a mathematical model for multi-objective optimization is established to reveal the functional relationship between the maximum equivalent force on the ladle lining, the maximum temperature on the ladle shell, the total mass of the ladle and the structural parameters of the ladle refractory lining. Genetic algorithm translates the optimization process of ladle refractory lining into natural evolution and selection. The optimization results show that, compared with the unoptimized ladle refractory lining structure (insulation layer thickness of 0 mm, permanent layer thickness of 81 mm, and working layer thickness of 152 mm), the refractory lining with insulation layer thickness of 8.02 mm, permanent layer thickness of 76.20 mm, and working layer thickness of 148.61 mm has the best thermal insulation performance and longer service life within the variation of ladle refractory lining structure parameters. Finally, the results of the optimization are verified and analyzed in this paper. The study found that by optimizing the design of the ladle refractory lining, the maximum equivalent force on the ladle lining, the maximum temperature on the ladle shell and the ladle mass were reduced. The thermal insulation performance and the lightweight performance of the ladle are improved, which is very important for improving the service life of the ladle.</p

LSA inhibited HIV-1 infection at viral entry stage.

<p>A. Time-of-drug-addition assay indicated that LSA blocked HIV-1 infection at an entry stage. B. MT-2-CHO-WT Cell-cell fusion was inhibited in the presence of LSA. C. LSA, not LA blocked sCD4 binding to rgp120s from ADA and IIIB strains. D. LSA inhibited JR-FL and HXB2 HIV-1 virion attachment to Ghost (3) X4/Hi5 and HEC-1-A cells. Heparan sulfate (100 μg/ml) was used as a control. Data shown were the average of three independent experiments. Error bars denoted standard errors of the mean values.</p