Identifying and decoupling many-body interactions in spin ensembles in diamond

We simulate the dynamics of varying density quasi-two-dimensional spin ensembles in solid-state systems, focusing on the nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. We consider the effects of various control sequences on the averaged dynamics of large ensembles of spins, under a realistic "spin-bath" environment. We reveal that spin locking is efficient for decoupling spins initialized along the driving axis, both from coherent dipolar interactions and from the external spin-bath environment, when the driving is two orders of magnitude stronger than the relevant coupling energies. Since the application of standard pulsed dynamical decoupling sequences leads to strong decoupling from the environment, while other specialized pulse sequences can decouple coherent dipolar interactions, such sequences can be used to identify the dominant interaction type. Moreover, a proper combination of pulsed decoupling sequences could lead to the suppression of both interaction types, allowing additional spin manipulations. Finally, we consider the effect of finite-width pulses on these control protocols and identify improved decoupling efficiency with increased pulse duration, resulting from the interplay of dephasing and coherent dynamics

A proposed model for GA biosynthesis and response pathway in regulation of heterosis in plant height

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Gibberellins and heterosis of plant height in wheat (L.)"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/8/40</p><p>BMC Genetics 2007;8():40-40.</p><p>Published online 29 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1929121.</p><p></p> Differential expressions of genes in GA metabolism and response pathways are listed in the box, with the bar heights representing the expression levels of female (left bar), hybrid (middle bar) and male (right bar) parent

MiR159 directs the cleavage of <i>TaGAMYB</i> and the cleavage site.

<p>(A) 5′-RACE was performed to map the cleavage site of <i>TaGAMYB</i>. The conserved domains (R2R3, BOX1, BOX2 and BOX3) of GAMYB in three cereals and Arabidopsis are shown in black. The complementary sequences between miR159 and <i>GAMYB</i> genes are shown in grey. The arrow indicates the cleavage site, and the sequence of the mutated miR159 target site is illustrated (bottom). Numbers in italics indicate the proportion of clones analyzed that mapped to the miR159 cleavage position. (B) Expression analysis of miR159, <i>TaGAMYB1</i> and <i>mTaGAMYB1</i> in <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaves co-Agro-infiltrated with different combinations of <i>35S::TamiR159</i>, <i>35S::TaGAMYB1</i>, <i>35S::mTaGAMYB1</i> and <i>35S::GFP.</i> (C) Expression analysis of miR159, <i>TaGAMYB2</i> and <i>mTaGAMYB2</i> in <i>N. benthamiana</i> leaves co-Agro-infiltrated with different combinations of <i>35S::TamiR159</i>, <i>35S::TaGAMYB2</i>, <i>35S::mTaGAMYB2</i> and <i>35S::GFP.</i></p

Expression of <i>TamiR159</i>, <i>TaGAMYB1</i> and <i>OsGAMYB</i> in transgenic <i>Ubi::TamiR159</i>, <i>Ubi::TaGAMYB1</i> and <i>Ubi::mTaGAMYB1</i> rice lines.

<p>(A) Real-time PCR and Northern blot analysis of leaves from <i>Ubi::TamiR159</i> transgenic plants were used to determine the relative expression of endogenous <i>OsGAMYB</i> and mature miR159 levels. (B) Real-time PCR was used to determine the relative expression of <i>TaGAMYB1</i> in leaves from <i>Ubi::TaGAMYB1</i> transgenic plants. (C) Real-time PCR was used to determine the relative expression of <i>TaGAMYB1</i> in leaves from <i>Ubi::mTaGAMYB1</i> trangenic plants.</p

<i>TaGAMYB1-A, B, D</i> chromosome locations expression patterns in various tissues and responses to heat stress.

<p>(A) Genome-specific PCR amplification for the three homeologous <i>TaGAMYB1</i> genes. Each primer was used to amplify a Chinese Spring (CS) nulli-tetrasomic set. N3AT3B indicates a nulli-3A-tetra-3B line of CS, and so on. (B) Amplification efficiency of primers for the three homeologous <i>TaGAMYB1</i> genes estimated by Q-PCR using CS DNA. (C) The expression patterns of <i>TaGAMYB1-A, TaGAMYB1-B,</i> and <i>TaGAMYB1-D</i> in leaves, roots, young spikes, anthers and developing seeds. (D) The expression pattern of <i>TaGAMYB1-A, TaGAMYB1-B,</i> and <i>TaGAMYB1-D</i> in response to heat stress. Heat-tolerant cultivar TAM107 and heat-susceptible cultivar CS seedlings were treated at 42°C for 0.5 hr, 1 hr and 2 hrs. Those seedlings treated for 2 hrs were returned to normal growth conditions for 24 hrs (R).</p

Heat tolerance testing of <i>Arabidopsis</i> wild-type (WT) and <i>myb33myb65</i> double mutant plants.

<p>(A) Phenotype of WT and <i>myb33myb65</i> 2-weeks-old seedlings after heat stress for 4 hr at 44°C Identical samples was planted diagonally. WT seedlings were planted in the northwest and southeast corners, while double mutant seedlings were planted in the other two corners as indicated in the schematic. (B) Relative electrical conductivity test of WT and <i>myb33myb65</i> double mutants after heat treatment.</p

Phylogenetic tree of GAMYB proteins from <i>Triticum aestivum</i> (<i>Ta</i>), <i>Zea mays</i> (<i>Zm</i>), <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (<i>At</i>), <i>Oryza sativa</i> (<i>Os</i>) and <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> (<i>Hv</i>).

<p>All GAMYB proteins were clustered using ClustalX, and the phylogenetic tree was generated by MEGA.</p

The frequency of conserved miRNAs present in the sequenced small RNA library

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Cloning and characterization of microRNAs from wheat (L.)"</p><p>http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/6/R96</p><p>Genome Biology 2007;8(6):R96-R96.</p><p>Published online 1 Jun 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC2394755.</p><p></p