Daya Antibakteri Estrak Kulit Dan Biji Buah Pulasan (Nephelium Mutabile) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus Dan Escherichia Coli Secara in Vitro

Traditional medicine from drug crop has more than a pharmacological effect so that its use should be acurate and correct. The mistake in traditional medicine USAge and or drug crop can be dangerous for health. Therefore, it is required a complete scientific information to avoid it. It had been done the research of anti-bacteria activity test from crude extract of ethyl acetate and ethanol from skin and seed of Pulasan to bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with dilution method to determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bakterisidal Concentration (MBC). The biggest MIC and MBC was respectively obtained from ethyl acetate extract that was 0,76 mg/ml, and ethanol extract that was 156,13 mg/ml. In general, skin and fruit seed extract of pulasan (Nephelium mutabile) has bigger resistance ones to bacterium Staphylococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli

PCA of fatty acids from different plantations models.

<p>SS: pure <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> plantation; SY: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i>; SB: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Platycladus orientalis</i>; SC: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Robinia pseucdoacacia</i>.</p

Correlation coefficients between the biomass of the PLFA groups and soil enzyme activities.

<p>a * and **denote significant differences at <i>p</i> < 0.05 and <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively.</p><p>Correlation coefficients between the biomass of the PLFA groups and soil enzyme activities.</p

Soil enzyme activities from different plantations.

<p>^a SS: pure <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> plantation; SY: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i>; SB: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Platycladus orientalis</i>; SC: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Robinia pseucdoacacia</i>.</p><p>^b Different letters within columns indicate significant differences at <i>p</i> < 0.05 levels through the LSD test.</p><p>^c Standard deviation.</p><p>Soil enzyme activities from different plantations.</p

Correlation coefficients between the biomass of the PLFA groups and soil properties.

<p>^a TOC: total organic carbon; C/N: carbon nitrogen ratio; TN: total nitrogen; TP: total phosphorus; TK: total potassium; NH₄⁺: ammonium content; NO₃⁻: nitrate content; AP: available phosphorus; AK: available potassium.</p><p>^{b *} and **denote significant differences at <i>p</i> < 0.05 and <i>p</i> < 0.01, respectively.</p><p>Correlation coefficients between the biomass of the PLFA groups and soil properties.</p

Soil microbial community structure based on indicator lipids (n·mol g⁻¹ soil) from the four sites.

<p>Soil microbial community structure based on indicator lipids (nmol g⁻¹ soil) from the four sites</p><p>^a SS: pure <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> plantation; SY: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i>; SB: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Platycladus orientalis</i>; SC: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Robinia pseucdoacacia</i>.</p><p>^b Total lipid was the sum of the 31 detected fatty acids.</p><p>^c The values were the means of three replicates. Different letters within columns indicate significant differences at <i>p</i> < 0.05 levels through the LSD test.</p><p>^d G⁺ and G⁻ represent gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. G⁺/G⁻ was the ratio of the sum of gram-positive bacteria to the sum of gram-negative bacteria.</p><p>^e Standard deviation.</p><p>Soil microbial community structure based on indicator lipids (n·mol g⁻¹ soil) from the four sites.</p

The Contemporary Indie Scene in Prague

<p><b>Activities of nitrate reductase (NR, μM NO3 g^–1FW h^-1) (A and B) and nitrite reductase (NiR, mmol NO2- h^-1 mg^-1protein) (C and D) in roots and leaves of <i>P. simonii</i> as affected by salt treatment and nitrogen nutrition.</b> White boxes indicate ammonium only; grey boxes indicate ammonium with salt; black boxes indicate nitrate only, and striped boxes indicate nitrate with salt. Data indicate mean ± SE (n = 6). Different letters in the same column indicate significant difference. N, N nutrition; S, salt stress; N*S, interaction of N nutrition and salt treatment. *P< 0.05; **P <0.01; *** P <0.001; ns, not significant.</p

Soil chemical characteristics in different plantations.

<p>^a SS: pure <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> plantation; SY: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i>; SB: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Platycladus orientalis</i>; SC: mixed plantation with <i>Hippophae rhamnoides</i> and <i>Robinia pseucdoacacia</i>.</p><p>^b Different letters in the columns indicate significant differences at <i>p</i> < 0.05 levels via the LSD test.</p><p>^c Standard deviation.</p><p>Soil chemical characteristics in different plantations.</p

Molecular Cloning, Characterization and Expression Analysis of the <i>SAMS</i> Gene during Adventitious Root Development in IBA-Induced Tetraploid Black Locust

<div><p>S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase (SAMS) catalyzes the synthesis of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), a precursor for ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis. Here, we report the isolation of the 1498 bp full-length cDNA sequence encoding tetraploid black locust (<i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L.) SAMS (<i>TrbSAMS</i>), which contains an open reading frame of 1179 bp encoding 392 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of TrbSAMS has more than 94% sequence identity to SAMSs from other plants, with a closer phylogenetic relationship to SAMSs from legumes than to SAMS from other plants. The TrbSAMS monomer consists of N-terminal, central, and C-terminal domains. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that the TrbSAMS protein localizes mainly to in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells and <i>Arabidopsis</i> mesophyll cell protoplasts. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA)-treated cuttings showed higher levels of <i>TrbSAMS</i> transcript than untreated control cuttings during root primordium and adventitious root formation. <i>TrbSAMS</i> and its downstream genes showed differential expression in shoots, leaves, bark, and roots, with the highest expression observed in bark. IBA-treated cuttings also showed higher SAMS activity than control cuttings during root primordium and adventitious root formation. These results indicate that <i>TrbSAMS</i> might play an important role in the regulation of IBA-induced adventitious root development in tetraploid black locust cuttings.</p></div

Relative expression levels of <i>TrbSAMS</i> (A), <i>TrbSAMDC</i> (B), <i>TrbPAO</i> (C), and <i>TrbACS</i> (D) during different IBA-induced and untreated rooting phases in softwood cuttings of tetraploid black locust.

<p>Initiation phase (I). Callus induction phase (C). Root primordia formation phase (RP). Adventitious root formation and elongation phase (AR). Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) calculated from three biological replicates with IBA, CK (n = 3). CK, control treatment; IBA, indole-3-butanoic acid.</p