Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma-0

Rs in each experimental group is shown at the end of treatment (L = left side, R = right side). Both As-ODN and ATRA treatment resulted in an inhibition of tumor volume and tumor weight as compared to control group. * < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. In addition, highly significant interactions exist between hTR As-ODN and ATRA. * * F = 10.743, = 0.002, two-way ANOVA. The combination of As-ODN and ATRA resulted in a significant enhancement of the reduction in tumor growth when compared with monotherapy of As-ODN or ATRA alone (< 0.01).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/159</p><p>BMC Cancer 2008;8():159-159.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427037.</p><p></p

Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma-2

-ODN group and control group compared with other treatment groups. * < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. A significant interaction was observed between As-ODN-hTR and ATRA treatment. * * F = 4.507, = 0.041, two-way ANOVA.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/159</p><p>BMC Cancer 2008;8():159-159.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427037.</p><p></p

Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma-4

Rs in each experimental group is shown at the end of treatment (L = left side, R = right side). Both As-ODN and ATRA treatment resulted in an inhibition of tumor volume and tumor weight as compared to control group. * < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. In addition, highly significant interactions exist between hTR As-ODN and ATRA. * * F = 10.743, = 0.002, two-way ANOVA. The combination of As-ODN and ATRA resulted in a significant enhancement of the reduction in tumor growth when compared with monotherapy of As-ODN or ATRA alone (< 0.01).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/159</p><p>BMC Cancer 2008;8():159-159.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427037.</p><p></p

Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma-3

Asmic staining in (C) As group, (D) ATRA group and (E) S/ATRA group, extremely weak Bcl-2 staining in (F) As/ATRA treated group. (G) Similar moderate Bax cytoplasmic staining of tumor cells in all treatment groups. Representative section of As/ATRA group is shown. Scale bar = 50 μm. Computer-assisted quantitation of immunohistochemical staining was performed. (H) The average IODs of Bcl-2 and Bax were shown as the mean ± SE (n = 10). The average IODs in As-ODN and ATRA treated groups were significantly decreased as compared to S-ODN group and control group. * < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. Significant interaction was observed between As-ODN-hTR and ATRA treatment. * * F = 35.836, < 0.01, two-way ANOVA. There was no significant difference of Bax expression in all treatment groups.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/159</p><p>BMC Cancer 2008;8():159-159.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427037.</p><p></p

Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma-1

Control group, (B) S group, (C) As group, (D) ATRA group, (E)S/ATRA group and (F) As/ATRA group. Arrows indicate positive cells. Scale bar = 50 μm. The average Integrated Optical Density (IOD) of each group was performed by a computer-assisted quantitation. (G) IOD data is shown as the mean ± SE (n = 10). The average IODs in As-ODN and ATRA treated groups were significantly increased as compared to S-ODN group and control group. * < 0.01, one-way ANOVA. Significant interaction was observed between As-ODN and ATRA treatment. * * F = 45.918, < 0.01, two-way ANOVA. (H) Electron microscopy showed typical feature of apoptotic cell in As-ODN and ATRA treatment groups. Whereas, no ultrastructural changes were observed in S-ODN group and control group (data not shown).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Antisense oligonucleotides and all-trans retinoic acid have a synergistic anti-tumor effect on oral squamous cell carcinoma"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2407/8/159</p><p>BMC Cancer 2008;8():159-159.</p><p>Published online 3 Jun 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2427037.</p><p></p

Cross-Linked Polyamides Synthesized through a Michael Addition Reaction Coupled with Bulk Polycondensation

A simple route is described to synthesize cross-linked polyamides (cPAs) with excellent mechanical properties at mild conditions through a Michael addition reaction coupled with bulk polycondensation. A Michael addition of methyl acrylate with 1,6-hexanediamine was conducted in a bulk state at a N–H/CC molar ratio of 1:1 under normal pressure at 50 °C, and a hexanediamine-tetraester was prepared. Bulk polycondensation of the hexanediamine-tetraester with 1,6-hexanediamine and isophoronediamine was conducted at 170 °C for 1 h and then in tetrafluoroethylene mold under reduced pressure for another 8 h. A series of cPA films were prepared. The Michael addition and the polycondensation were monitored by Fourier transform infrared, ¹H NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry spectra. The cPA films were characterized with differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and a tensile test. These cPAs exhibited <i>T</i>_g ranging from 37 to 61 °C, tensile strength up to 71 MPa, and strain at break of about 11%

Data_Sheet_3_Visible gland constantly traces virus-induced gene silencing in cotton.DOCX

A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system was established to induce endogenous target gene silencing by post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), which is a powerful tool for gene function analysis in plants. Compared with stable transgenic plant via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation, phenotypes after gene knockdown can be obtained rapidly, effectively, and high-throughput through VIGS system. This approach has been successfully applied to explore unknown gene functions involved in plant growth and development, physiological metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stresses in various plants. In this system, GhCLA1 was used as a general control, however, silencing of this gene leads to leaf albino, wilting, and plant death ultimately. As such, it cannot indicate the efficiency of target gene silencing throughout the whole plant growth period. To address this question, in this study, we developed a novel marker gene, Gossypium PIGMENT GLAND FORMATION GENE (GoPGF), as the control to trace the efficiency of gene silencing in the infected tissues. GoPGF has been proved a key gene in gland forming. Suppression of GoPGF does not affect the normal growth and development of cotton. The number of gland altered related to the expression level of GoPGF gene. So it is a good marker that be used to trace the whole growth stages of plant. Moreover, we further developed a method of friction inoculation to enhance and extend the efficiency of VIGS, which facilitates the analysis of gene function in both the vegetative stage and reproductive stage. This improved VIGS technology will be a powerful tool for the rapid functional identification of unknown genes in genomes.</p

An updated database of virus circular RNAs provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanism of the molecule

Virus circular RNAs (circRNA) have been reported to be extensively expressed and play important roles in viral infections. Previously we build the first database of virus circRNAs named VirusCircBase which has been widely used in the field. This study significantly improved the database on both the data quantity and database functionality: the number of virus circRNAs, virus species, host organisms was increased from 46440, 23, 9 to 60859, 43, 22, respectively, and 1902 full-length virus circRNAs were newly added; new functions were added such as visualization of the expression level of virus circRNAs and visualization of virus circRNAs in the Genome Browser. Analysis of the expression of virus circRNAs showed that they had low expression levels in most cells or tissues and showed strong expression heterogeneity. Analysis of the splicing of virus circRNAs showed that they used a much higher proportion of non-canonical back-splicing signals compared to those in animals and plants, and mainly used the A5SS (alternative 5’ splice site) in alternative-splicing. Most virus circRNAs have no more than two isoforms. Finally, human genes associated with the virus circRNA production were investigated and more than 1000 human genes exhibited moderate correlations with the expression of virus circRNAs. Most of them showed negative correlations including 42 genes encoding RNA-binding proteins. They were significantly enriched in biological processes related to cell cycle and RNA processing. Overall, the study provides a valuable resource for further studies of virus circRNAs and also provides new insights into the biogenesis mechanisms of virus circRNAs.</p

Crystallizable and Tough Aliphatic Thermoplastic Polyureas Synthesized through a Nonisocyanate Route

A simple nonisocyanate route for synthesizing crystallizable and tough aliphatic thermoplastic polyureas (TPUreas) is described. Melt transurethane polycondensation of diethylene glycol bis­(3-aminopropyl) ether with bis­(hydroxyethyl) hexanediurethane and bis­(hydroxyethyl) isophoronediurethane was conducted at 170 °C under a reduced pressure of 3 mmHg, and a series of TPUreas were prepared. The TPUreas were characterized by GPC, FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, 2D ¹³C–¹H HSQC NMR, DEPT-135 ¹³C NMR, DSC, TGA, wide-angle X-ray scattering, atomic force microscopy, and tensile tests. The TPUreas exhibited an <i>M</i>_n up to 12 000 g/mol, an <i>M</i>_w up to 17 600 g/mol, <i>T</i>_g between 2.8 and 18.1 °C, <i>T</i>_m from 140.5 to 149.8 °C, initial decomposition temperature of over 278.4 °C, and tensile strength up to 37.81 MPa with elongation at break of 691.25%. TPUreas with high <i>T</i>_m, good tensile strength, and good toughness were prepared through a nonisocyanate route

Discovery of a New Class of Uracil Derivatives as Potential Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein (MLKL) Inhibitors

Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death. Mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) is the necroptosis executor, and it is involved in various diseases such as tissue damage and neurodegeneration-related diseases. Here, we report the development of novel MLKL inhibitors with a uracil nucleus through scaffold morphing from our previously reported xanthine MLKL inhibitor TC13172. After a rational structure–activity relationship study, we obtained the highly potent compounds 56 and 66. Mechanism studies revealed that these compounds partially inhibited MLKL oligomerization and significantly inhibited MLKL translocation to the membrane. Compared with TC13172, 56 and 66 have a different mode of action and, importantly, their reaction rate with glutathione is more than 150-fold lower. This reduction in potential off-target effects and cell toxicity makes this series an attractive starting point for further drug development for MLKL-related disease treatments