Bio-oil Production by Thermochemical Catalytic Liquefaction of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Experimental research on the thermochemical catalytic liquefaction of bloom-forming cyanobacteria (BC) was carried out to determine the effects of solvent, catalyst, reaction time, temperature, the ratio of raw material to solvent, and catalyst dosage on liquefaction performance. The liquefaction conditions were optimized by central composite design (CCD) experiments as follows: concentrated H₂SO₄ content, 6.6%; reaction temperature, 175 °C; reaction time, 30 min; and ratio of material to solvent, 1:4. The liquefaction yield and oil yield (chloroform phase) reached 93.85% and 37.96% under the above-mentioned conditions. The ultimate analysis and calorific value of the oil were determined, and the chemical composition of the oil was investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The analysis of bio-oil composition showed that bio-oil from BC mainly contains ethyl palmitate, which is the main component of palm oil biodiesel, with a heating value of 32.7 MJ/kg

DataSheet1_UroVysion™ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) possibly has a high positive rate in carcinoma of non-urothelial lineages.PDF

Background: Positive UroVysion™ fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is generally considered as urothelial carcinoma (UC). We clarify if UroVysion™ FISH can be positive in carcinoma of non-urothelial lineages (CNUL), and verify the consistency of urine FISH and histological FISH in CNUL.Methods: All CNUL subjects detected by urine FISH assay due to haematuria from Tongji Hospital were screened. Meanwhile, 2 glandular cystitis and 2 urothelial carcinoma were served as negative or positive control. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections of all subjects were sent to the pathology department for histological FISH detection.Results: A total of 27 patients were included in this study, including 9 with adenocarcinomas, 11 with squamous cell carcinomas, and 7 with other tumour types. The overall positive rate in urine FISH was 64.00% (16/25) in patients with CNUL, 77.78% (7/9) in those with adenocarcinoma and 54.55% (6/11) in those with squamous carcinoma. There was a significant difference in the GLP p16 gene deletion rate between UC and CNUL (100% vs. 8.00%, p = 0.017). Histological FISH results showed that the histological results of 19 patients were consistent with their urine FISH results, and only one patient with stage Ⅲa urachal carcinoma had inconsistent histological FISH results (positive) and urine FISH (negative) results.Conclusion: We demonstrated for the first time the application value of FISH in CNUL on urine samples. Positive urine FISH tests indicate not only UC, but also CNUL. UroVysion™ FISH possibly has a high positive rate in CNUL. CNUL and UC have different genetic changes shown by FISH.</p

Sensitivity analysis of eleven high quality studies (LOE≥3b) comparing LRC and ORC.

<p>CI, Confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; WMD, weighted mean difference; LRC =  laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC =  open radical cystectomy.</p>†<p>Values of WMD;</p><p>*Statistically significant results are shown in bold.</p

Overall analysis of post-op neobladder function comparing LRC and ORC.

<p>Q_max = Maximum urinary flow rate; IVP = Intravesical pressure; RUV = Residual urine volume.</p><p>LRC =  laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC =  open radical cystectomy;</p>†<p>Values of OR.</p

Forest plot and meta-analysis of length of hospital stay (LOS).

<p>LRC = laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC = open radical cystectomy.</p

Overall analysis of perioperative outcomes comparing LRC and ORC.

<p>CI = Confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; WMD = weighted mean difference; LRC =  laproscopic radical cystectomy; ORC =  open radical cystectomy; EBL = estimated blood loss; LOS = length of hospital stay.</p>†<p>Values of OR;</p><p>*Statistically significant results are shown in bold.</p

Flow chart of studies identified, included, and excluded.

<p>Flow chart of studies identified, included, and excluded.</p

Forest plot and meta-analysis of distant metastasis rate.

<p>LRC = laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC = open radical cystectomy.</p

Forest plot and meta-analysis of overall complications.

<p>LRC = laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC = open radical cystectomy.</p

Characteristics of included studies.

<p>LRC =  laparoscopic radical cystectomy; ORC =  open radical cystectomy; LOE = Level of evidence; NA = data not available.</p><p>*Matching/comparable variables: 1 =  age, 2 =  gender, 3 =  BMI, 4 =  ASA, 5 =  Previous surgery history, 6 =  indication, 7 =  clinical stage, 8 =  diversion type;</p>†<p>Mean±SD or Median(Range);</p>‡<p>Based on US Preventive Services Task Force grading system.</p