70 research outputs found
Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities in potted cucumber seedlings treated with syringic acid - Fig 3
<p><b>Relative abundances of main bacterial phyla (a) and classes (b) in the syringic acid (SA)- and water (W)-treated soil samples.</b> Bacterial phyla and classes with average relative abundances >1% in at least one treatment were shown. Values are expressed as mean±standard error. Asterisks indicate significant difference between treatments based on Welch’s <i>t</i> test (P<0.05).</p
Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities in potted cucumber seedlings treated with syringic acid - Fig 4
<p><b>Relative abundances of main classified bacterial (a) and fungal genera (b) in the syringic acid (SA)- and water (W)-treated soil samples.</b> Classified bacterial and fungal genera with average relative abundances >0.5% and 0.1%, respectively, in at least one treatment were shown. Values are expressed as mean±standard error. Asterisks indicate significant difference between treatments based on Welch’s <i>t</i> test (P<0.05).</p
Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities in potted cucumber seedlings treated with syringic acid
<div><p>Phytotoxic effects of phenolic compounds have been extensively studied, but less attention has been given to the effects of these compounds on soil microbial communities, which are crucial to the productivity of agricultural systems. Responses of cucumber rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities to syringic acid (SA), a phenolic compound with autotoxicity to cucumber, were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer amplicons. SA at the concentration of 0.1 μmol g<sup>-1</sup> soil changed rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community compositions, decreased bacterial community diversity but increased fungal community richness and diversity (P<0.05). Moreover, SA increased the relative abundances of bacterial phylum <i>Proteobacteria</i> and fungal classes <i>Leotiomycetes</i>, <i>Pezizomycetes</i>, <i>Tremellomycetes</i> and <i>Eurotiomycetes</i>, but decreased the relative abundances of bacterial phylum <i>Firmicutes</i> and fungal class <i>Sordariomycetes</i> (P<0.05). At the genus level, SA decreased the relative abundances of microbial taxa with pathogen-antagonistic and/or plant growth promoting potentials, such as <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. (P<0.05). Real-time PCR validated that SA decreased cucumber rhizosphere <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. abundance (P<0.05). <i>In vitro</i> study showed that SA (0.01 to 10 mM) inhibited the growth of a strain of <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. with pathogen-antagonistic activities to cucumber pathogen <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>cucumerinum</i> Owen (P<0.05). Overall, SA changed cucumber rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community compositions, which may exert negative effects on cucumber seedling growth through inhibiting plant-beneficial microorganisms.</p></div
Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities in potted cucumber seedlings treated with syringic acid - Fig 5
<p><b>Effects of SA on the relative abundance of <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. as estimated by Illumina Miseq sequencing (a), the abundance of <i>Pseudomonas</i> spp. as estimated by real-time PCR (b) and the growth of <i>Pseudomonas</i> ZJH <i>in vitro</i> (c).</b> For (a) and (b), SA and W represent syringic acid- and water-treated soil samples, respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference based on Welch’s <i>t</i> test (P<0.05). For (c), 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10 represent the treatments of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 1.0 and 10 mM of syringic acid, respectively. Different letters indicate significant difference based on Tukey’s HSD test (P<0.05).</p
Enzyme kinetics of HIF PHD3.
<p>a b Double reciprocal plots of the relationship between the concentration of peptide substrate and initial velocity. Enzyme concentration was 5 µg. a Plots for PA1 at 0 µM (▪), 1 µM (•), 1.5 µM (▴) and 2 µM (▾). b Plots for PA2 at 0 µM (▪), 1 µM (•) and 1.5 µM (▴). c d Concentration dependence of inhibition of PHD3 activity by PA1 and PA2. Data were analyzed by global fitting of the Michaelis–Menten equation. c Plots for PA1 at 0 µM (▪), 1.5 µM (•) and 2 µM (▴). d Plots for PA2 at 0 µM (▪), 1 µM (•), 1.5 µM (▴) and 3 µM (▾). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.</p
Identification of differently expressed proteins spots in the control and PA1-treated groups.
a<p>Spot number on 2-DE gel (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0095692#pone-0095692-g007" target="_blank">Fig. 7</a>).</p>b<p>Swiss-Prot accession numbers.</p>c<p>The values show the percent change of proteins. −: down-regulated, +: up-regulated (n = 3).</p
Cytotoxicity of PA1 on NCI-H446 cells measured with MTT.
<p><b>a</b> PA1 (12 h (▪), 24 h (•), 48 h (▴)). <b>b</b> 24 h (PA1 (▪), CoCl<sub>2</sub> (•), DFO (▴)). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. of three independent experiments.</p
Beta diversities of bacterial and fungal communities.
<p>Differences in Bray-Curtis (a) and UniFrac distances (b) of bacterial communities, Bray-Curtis (c) and UniFrac distances (d) of fungal communities were visualized by principal component analyses. SA and W represent syringic acid- and water-treated soil samples, respectively. Ellipses indicate 95% confidence interval for replicates.</p
Changes in rhizosphere microbial communities in potted cucumber seedlings treated with syringic acid - Fig 1
<p><b>Diversity and richness indices of soil bacterial (a) and fungal (b) communities.</b> OTUs were delineated at the 97% sequence similarity. These indices were calculated using random subsamples of 21,334 16S rRNA gene and 30,394 ITS gene sequences per sample. Different letters indicate significant difference based on Welch’s <i>t</i> test (P<0.05). SA and W represent syringic acid- and water-treated soil samples, respectively.</p
The effects of combining As<sup>3+</sup> and As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> on cell cycle distribution.
<p>(A) Cell cycle distribution in NB4 cells. (B) Cell cycle distribution in primary APL cells. (C) The percentage of cell cycle distribution in each phase. After 48 h of treatment, NB4 and primary APL cells were stained with PI and analyzed by flow cytometry. Figures show a representative experiment of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with As<sup>3+</sup> and As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub> combination treated cells.</p
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