Dynamic mutation enhanced greedy strategy for wavefront shaping

Optical focusing through scattering media has important implications for optical applications in medicine, communications, and detection. In recent years, many wavefront shaping methods have been successfully applied to the field, among which the population optimization algorithm has achieved remarkable results. However, the current population optimization algorithm has some drawbacks: 1. the offspring do not fully inherit the good genes from the parent. 2. more efforts are needed to tune the parameters. In this paper, we propose the mutate greedy algorithm. It combines greedy strategies and real-time feedback of mutation rates to generate offspring. In wavefront shaping, people can realize high enhancement and fast convergence without a parameter-tuning process

A Bivalent Ligand (KDN-21) Reveals Spinal δ and κ Opioid Receptors Are Organized as Heterodimers That Give Rise to δ₁ and <i>κ</i>₂ Phenotypes. Selective Targeting of δ−κ Heterodimers

In view of recent pharmacological studies suggesting the existence of δ−κ opioid receptor heterodimers/oligomers in the spinal cord, we have synthesized and evaluated (intrathecally in mice) a series of bivalent ligands (KDN series) containing κ and δ antagonist pharmacophores. Pharmacological and binding data have provided evidence for the bridging of spinal δ−κ receptor heterodimers by KDN-21 and for their identification as δ1 and κ2. The selectivity profile of KDN-21 and the apparent absence of coupled δ1−κ2 phenotypes in the brain suggest a new approach for targeting receptors

A Bivalent Ligand (KDAN-18) Containing δ-Antagonist and κ-Agonist Pharmacophores Bridges δ₂ and κ₁ Opioid Receptor Phenotypes^†

To characterize δ- and κ-opioid receptor phenotypes, bivalent ligands (KDAN series) containing δ-antagonist (naltrindole) and κ1-agonist (ICI-199,441) pharmacophores were synthesized and evaluated by the intrathecal route using the mouse tail-flick assay and binding studies. The data have suggested that KDAN-18 (2) bridges phenotypic δ2- and κ1-receptors. A conceptual model is presented to explain the organizational differences between the opioid receptors that give rise to the phenotypes (δ1, δ2, κ1, κ2)

Aroma volatile characterisation and gene expression analysis during fruit development and ripening of five pear (<i>Pyrus L.</i>) species

Bartlett, Hongnanguo, Korla Xiangli, Dangshansuli and Housui are representative cultivars from the five cultivated pear species that were chosen to identify aromatic compounds in fruit during developmental, mature and storage periods. We explored the expression levels of aroma formation-related genes during developmental and storage periods. The concentrations of the aromatic compounds first decreased, then increased in all five cultivars. For the climacteric pears, Bartlett and Hongnanguo, the increase continued to optimal sensory quality (OSQ), whereas those for the non-climacteric pears, Korla Xiangli, Dangshansuli and Housui decreased. Aldehydes contributing the 'green' odour and 1,4-benzoquinone were the primary components during early and middle developmental periods. Esters contributing the 'fruity' and 'sweet' odour, were the primary components in Bartlett, Hongnanguo and Korla Xiangli fruits during storage and at OSQ. Methyl- and ethyl-(E, Z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear-like odour), ethyl caproate (liquor odour), and hexyl acetate (fruity odour) were the key characteristic odorants in mature pear fruits of Bartlett, Hongnanguo and Korla Xiangli, respectively. Alcohol dehydrogenase (PbrADH-1 and PbrADH-2) and lipoxygenase (PbrLOX3) might participate in the formation of C6 and C9 volatile aldehydes and alcohols. The aroma content and volatiles of pear fruits during development and storage probably revealed a common pattern.</p

Biochar derived from corn straw affected availability and distribution of soil nutrients and cotton yield

<div><p>Biochar application as a soil amendment has been proposed as a strategy to improve soil fertility and increase crop yields. However, the effects of successive biochar applications on cotton yields and nutrient distribution in soil are not well documented. A three-year field study was conducted to investigate the effects of successive biochar applications at different rates on cotton yield and on the soil nutrient distribution in the 0–100 cm soil profile. Biochar was applied at 0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha^-1 (expressed as Control, BC5, BC10, and BC20, respectively) for each cotton season, with identical doses of chemical fertilizers. Biochar enhanced the cotton lint yield by 8.0–15.8%, 9.3–13.9%, and 9.2–21.9% in 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively, and high levels of biochar application achieved high cotton yields each year. Leaching of soil nitrate was reduced, while the pH values, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen (N), and available K content of the 0–20 cm soil layer were increased in 2014 and 2015. However, the changes in the soil available P content were less substantial. This study suggests that successive biochar amendments have the potential to enhance cotton productivity and soil fertility while reducing nitrate leaching.</p></div

Super-resolution imaging through a multimode fiber: the physical upsampling of speckle-driven

Following recent advancements in multimode fiber (MMF), miniaturization of imaging endoscopes has proven crucial for minimally invasive surgery in vivo. Recent progress enabled by super-resolution imaging methods with a data-driven deep learning (DL) framework has balanced the relationship between the core size and resolution. However, most of the DL approaches lack attention to the physical properties of the speckle, which is crucial for reconciling the relationship between the magnification of super-resolution imaging and the quality of reconstruction quality. In the paper, we find that the interferometric process of speckle formation is an essential basis for creating DL models with super-resolution imaging. It physically realizes the upsampling of low-resolution (LR) images and enhances the perceptual capabilities of the models. The finding experimentally validates the role played by the physical upsampling of speckle-driven, effectively complementing the lack of information in data-driven. Experimentally, we break the restriction of the poor reconstruction quality at great magnification by inputting the same size of the speckle with the size of the high-resolution (HR) image to the model. The guidance of our research for endoscopic imaging may accelerate the further development of minimally invasive surgery

Additional file 1 of Characterization of the REVEILLE family in Rosaceae and role of PbLHY in flowering time regulation

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. (a) Coding sequence of PbLHY. (b) Alignment of PbLHY and AtCCA1/AtLHY protein sequences. The red box indicates the MYB domain. The blue backgrounds correspond to the percent identity of the multiple alignment. Fig. S2. Alignment of conserved domains from PbRVE proteins. (a) Alignment of MYB domains from ten PbRVEs and eleven AtRVEs. Red box indicates MYB domain, and blue box indicates SHAQK(Y/F) F sequence. (b) Alignment of LCL domains from subfamily II members. The red box indicates the MYB domain. The green box indicates the LCL domain. The blue backgrounds correspond to the percent identity of the multiple alignment. Fig. S3. The motif details of ten conserved domains identified in RVE proteins and the logos of these domains created using the MEME. Amino acids are expressed in the standard single letter code. The size of the letters at each position represents their frequency

Fast optical refocusing through multimode fiber bend using Cake-Cutting Hadamard encoding algorithm to improve robustness

Multimode fibres offer the advantages of high resolution and miniaturization over single mode fibers in the field of optical imaging. However, multimode fibre's imaging is susceptible to perturbations of MMF that can lead to secondary spatial distortions in the transmitted image. Perturbations include random disturbances in the fiber as well as environmental noise. Here, we exploit the fast focusing capability of the Cake-Cutting Hadamard coding algorithm to counteract the effects of perturbations and improve the system's robustness. Simulation shows that it can approach the theoretical enhancement at 2000 measurements. Experimental results show that the algorithm can help the system to refocus in a short time when MMFs are perturbed. This research will further contribute to using multimode fibres in medicine, communication, and detection

Additional file 2 of Characterization of the REVEILLE family in Rosaceae and role of PbLHY in flowering time regulation

Additional file 2: Table S1. Characteristics of RVE family members in seven Rosaceae species. Table S2. Numbers of RVE gene pairs from different duplication events in seven Rosaceae species. Table S3. Ka and Ks calculation of duplicated RVE gene pairs in seven Rosaceae species. Table S4. The primers used in the assays

Additional file 5 of Transcriptome provides potential insights into how calcium affects the formation of stone cell in Pyrus

Additional file 5. Table S5 The fpkm matrix of transcriptome DEG