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    Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Multilayer Transparent Electrodes through Morphology Control

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    A multilayer transparent electrode WO<sub>3</sub>/Ag/WO<sub>3</sub> (WAW) has been introduced into perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is found that the substrate has an obvious effect on the perovskite morphology and crystallization and thus power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs. The precursor composition and its effect on the morphology, crystal, and device properties of the perovskite films based on WAW and ITO electrodes have been investigated in detail. When the CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>I (MAI):PbI<sub>2</sub> molar ratio is 1.04:1, the perovskite film shows flat and dense morphology formed by the complete reaction of MAI and PbI<sub>2</sub>, and PSC device shows the maximum PCE value of 9.73%, comparable with the controlled device with the MAI:PbI<sub>2</sub> molar ratio of 1:1 based on ITO electrode (10.51%). Meanwhile, a flexible PSC based on WAW transparent electrode has also been fabricated, which exhibits a PCE of 8.04%, indicating that WAW multilayer transparent electrodes have the potential application in PSCs, especially in flexible PSCs
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