MOESM1 of Genotyping of Salmonella Typhi using 8-loci multi locus VNTR analysis

Additional file 1: Table S1. The characteristics of VNTR loci and primers for amplification of VNTRs. Table S2. The endogenous 3bp DNA ladder and internal marker. Table S3. Numbers of repetitions at 8 loci in the 103 S. Typhi strains. Table S4. 7 bp deletion in TR4500. Table S5. 15 bp insertion in TR4500. Table S6. 55 bp insertion in TR4500. Table S7. 711 bp insertion in Sal10

Autocatalytic Self-Sorting in Biomimetic Polymer

Autocatalytic self-sorting in the biomimetic poly­(cystamine methacrylamide hydrochloride) (PCysMA) is presented, whose units comprise lysine-mimetic alkyl­ammonium ions and cystine-mimetic alkyl disulfide spacers. The block copolymer with poly­(2-hydroxy­propyl­methacrylamide) was synthesized directly by RAFT in acidic water under visible light irradiation at 25 °C. Disulfide exchange can be initiated by the terminal thiolates as generated by alkalization-induced aminolysis. 65–67% CysMA units sort into hydrophobic polymer disulfides and water-soluble cystamine at pH 10.5. Moreover, intermediate reactions occur in the presence of copper ions, i.e., Cu­(II)–NH₂ coordination, aminolysis, NH₂-to-SH substitution, and cupric-to-cuprous reduction in metal centers, thus autocatalytic self-sorting with essentially 100% conversion at pH 8.8. UV–vis spectroscopy, ¹H NMR, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and elemental analysis confirmed this ideal self-sorting. Dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy identified supramolecular-to-supracolloidal self-assembly with concomitant release of cystamine molecules and intermediate cuprous complexes. Such a self-sorting underlines an amazing prospect for the use of a single polymer to achieve artificial reaction complexity, hierarchy, and metabolic process, with minimal synthetic efforts

Compartmentalization and Unidirectional Cross-Domain Molecule Shuttling of Organometallic Single-Chain Nanoparticles

Compartmentalization and unidirectional cross-domain molecule shuttling are omnipresent in proteins, and play key roles in molecular recognition, enzymatic reaction, and other living functions. Nanomachinery design emulating these biological functions is being considered as one of the most ambitious and challenging tasks in modern chemistry and nanoscience. Here, we present a biomimetic nanomachinery design using single-chain technology. Stepwise complex of the outer blocks of water-soluble linear ABC triblock terpolymer to copper ions yields dumbbell-shaped single-chain nanoparticle. A novel nanomachine capable of compartmentalization and unidirectional cross-domain molecule shuttling has been achieved upon ascorbic acid reduction, leading to synergistically donating/accepting copper centers between discrete double heads, overall dumbbell-to-tadpole configurational transition, and intake of oxidized ascorbic acid into reconstructed head. Subsequent air oxidation results in the inverse molecule shuttling and configurational transition processes. This is the first demonstration of biomimetic nanomachinery design that is capable of compartmentalization and unidirectional cross-domain molecule shuttling, exemplified simply using a new single-chain technology

Sequence comparisons of SXT elements in O139 strain MO10, the 5 Chinese outbreak strains and <i>Alteromonas macleodii</i> Aegaean Sea MED64.

<p>Arrows with a black line represent the SXTs and CDSs, and the gray blocks represent the alignments. The colored arrows represent different types of genes (black: <i>int</i>, light blue: <i>tnp</i>, brown: <i>tra</i>, purple: <i>ssb</i>, dark blue: <i>set</i>, and others for resistance genes). The <i>attL</i> and <i>attR</i> sequences located on both ends of each SXT are displayed with red triangles. The read coverages in SXTs from the Chinese strains are displayed using green curves. Five hotspots are represented by gray triangles linked by gray dashed lines. The highly recombined region between <i>tnp</i> genes carrying resistance genes is marked using red triangles linked by red dashed lines. Three pairs of direct repeat sequences are represented by red, dark blue and purple lines. The scale at the bottom indicates the locations of the sequences.</p

Transmission routes of the 3 <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> clades in Wave 3.

<p><i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> Clade 3.B and Clade 3.C circulated in South Asia. Clade 3.B reached China, (a) Hainan; (b) Anhui; (c) Jiangsu. Clade 3.C and Clade 3.A reached Haiti and Africa, respectively. The blue and red circles indicate the circulation of Clade 3.B and Clade 3.C. The map was generated with ArcGIS.</p

Reaction Mechanism for Sulfur Species during Pulverized Coal Combustion

Low-NOx combustion technologies are widely applied in pulverized coal-fired boilers. But it promotes the formation of high concentration of H₂S, which is one of the main reasons for high-temperature corrosion. To limit the H₂S formation, it is urgently necessary to reveal the evolution behavior of the sulfur species. In this work, the reaction mechanism for sulfur species was investigated using a tube-heating furnace for low-sulfur bituminous coal combustion. In the primary stage of combustion, the O₂ concentration decreased sharply. Meanwhile, the sulfur species of SO₂, H₂S, COS and CS₂, and significant amount of reductive gases CO and H₂, were generated. After the sulfur release finished, the distribution of the sulfur species in the downstream region depended on only the gas-phase reactions. With the reduction of CO and H₂, part of SO₂ was converted to H₂S and COS. There also exited some shift relationships among SO₂, H₂S, COS, and CS₂ in the presence of abundant of CO₂ and H₂O. On the basis of the experimental results and the principles of Gibbs free energy and chemical equilibrium constant, a new gas-phase reaction mechanism for sulfur species, consisting of 9 reactions, was established. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters were also determined by a strict mathematical optimization process, and the predication errors for sulfur species were within 20%. The new built mechanism was expected to provide great assistance for the control of H₂S formation and the prevention of the high-temperature corrosion

Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Pore-Switchable Cylindrical Vesicles via Visible-Light-Mediated RAFT Room-Temperature Aqueous Dispersion Polymerization

Analogous to cellulose, polymers whose monomer units possess both hydrogen donators and acceptors are generally insoluble in ambient water because of hydrogen bonding (HB). Herein we present stimuli-responsive long aqueous cylindrical vesicles (nanotubes) synthesized directly using HB-driven polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) under visible-light-mediated RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization at 25 °C. The PISA undergoes an unprecedented film/silk-to-ribbon-to-vesicle transition and films/silks/ribbons formed at low DPs (∼25–85) of core-forming block in free-flowing aqueous solution. Pore-switchable nanotubes are synthesized by electrostatic repulsive perturbation of the HB association in anisotropic vesicular membranes via inserting minor ionized monomer units into the core-forming block. These nanotubes are synthesized at >35% solids, and tubular membranes are more sensitive than spherical counterparts in response to aqueous surroundings. This facile, robust, and general strategy paves a new avenue toward scale-up production of advanced intelligent nanomaterials

Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree of <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> in wave 3 based on SNPs across the whole core genome, excluding possible recombination regions.

<p>The wave and clade designation is same to Mutreja et al. paper[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149742#pone.0149742.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>] and our previous study[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149742#pone.0149742.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>]. The labels of the strains (SNXXX) in wave 3 were same to our previous study[<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0149742#pone.0149742.ref006" target="_blank">6</a>] except for the 5 strains isolated in 2008 and 2010 China cholera outbreaks. The pre-seventh pandemic isolate M66 was used as an outgroup to root the tree. The terminal branches are colored according to the areas where the strains were isolated.</p

MST of MLVA analysis of 107 isolates of <i>Cronobacter</i> spp. in this study.

<p>Different species were labelled with different colour: <i>C. sakazakii</i> with green, <i>C. malonaticus</i> with red, <i>C. dublinensis</i> with purple, <i>C. turicensis</i> with yellow, and <i>C. muytjensii</i> with blue.</p

Interaction between Polymorphisms in Pre-MiRNA Genes and Cooking Oil Fume Exposure on the Risk of Lung Cancer in Chinese Non-Smoking Female Population

<div><p>Background</p><p>Both genetic polymorphisms and environmental risk factors play important roles in the development of human chronic diseases including lung cancer. This is the first case-control study of interaction between polymorphisms in pre-miRNA genes and cooking oil fume exposure on the risk of lung cancer.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A hospital-based case-control study of 258 cases and 310 controls was conducted. Six polymorphisms in miRNAs were determined by Taqman allelic discrimination method. The gene-environment interactions were assessed on both additive and multiplicative scale. The statistical analyses were performed mostly with SPSS.</p><p>Results</p><p>The combination of the risk genotypes of five miRNA SNPs (miR-146a rs2910164, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-608 rs4919510, miR-27a rs895819 and miR-423 rs6505162) with risk factor (cooking oil fume exposure) contributed to a significantly higher risk of lung cancer, and the corresponding ORs (95% confidence intervals) were 1.91(1.04-3.52), 1.94 (1.16-3.25), 2.06 (1.22-3.49), 1.76 (1.03-2.98) and 2.13 (1.29-3.51). The individuals with both risk genotypes of miRNA SNPs and exposure to risk factor (cooking oil fumes) were in a higher risk of lung cancer than persons with only one of the two risk factors (ORs were 1.91, 1.05 and 1.41 for miR-146a rs2910164, ORs were 1.94, 1.23 and 1.34 for miR-196a2 rs11614913, ORs were 2.06, 1.41 and 1.68 for miR-608 rs4919510, ORs were 1.76, 0.82 and 1.07 for miR-27a rs895819, and ORs were 2.13, 1.15 and 1.02 for miR-423 rs6505162, respectively). All the measures of biological interaction indicate that there were not indeed biological interactions between the six SNPs of miRNAs and exposure to cooking oil fumes on an additive scale. Logistic models suggested that the gene-environment interactions were not statistically significant on a multiplicative scale.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The interactions between miRNA SNPs and cooking oil fume exposure suggested by ORs of different combination were not statistically significant.</p></div