Additional file 1 of Associations of dichlorophenol with metabolic syndrome based on multivariate-adjusted logistic regression: a U.S. nationwide population-based study 2003-2016

Additional file 1: Supplemental Figure 1. Flow chart of study population. Supplemental Figure 2. Directed Acyclic Graphs for the Causal Effect of dichlorophenol with MetS prevalence. Supplemental Figure 3. WQS model regression positive weights (A) and negative weights (B) for p-DCB biomarkers and qgcomp model regression index weights (C). Supplemental Table 1. Associations of p-DCB biomarkers with MetS. Supplemental Table 2. Coefficients of dichlorophenol biomarkers for metabolic syndrome indicators from Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Supplemental Table 3. Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for associations between dichlorophenol biomarkers and metabolic syndrome prevalence in sensitivity analyses. Supplemental Table 4. Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) for associations between dichlorophenol biomarkers and metabolic syndrome prevalence in sensitivity analyses. Supplemental Table 5. Estimated cutoff thresholds for the investigated p-DCB that are relevant to MetS

Mn(II) Acceleration of the Picolinic Acid-Assisted Fenton Reaction: New Insight into the Role of Manganese in Homogeneous Fenton AOPs

The homogeneous Fe-catalyzed Fenton reaction remains an attractive advanced oxidation process for wastewater treatment, but sustaining the Fe­(III)/Fe­(II) redox cycle at a convenient pH without the costly input of energy or reductants remains a challenge. Mn­(II) is known to accelerate the Fenton reaction, yet the mechanism has never been confidently established. We report a systematic kinetic and spectroscopic investigation into Mn­(II) acceleration of atrazine or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation by the picolinic acid (PICA)-assisted Fenton reaction at pH 4.5–6.0. Mn­(II) accelerates Fe­(III) reduction, superoxide radical (HO2•/O2•–) formation, and hydroxyl radical (HO•) formation. A Mn­(II/III)-H2O2 redox cycle as an independent source of reactive oxygen species, as proposed in the literature, is shown to be insignificant. Rather, Mn­(II) assists by participating directly and catalytically in the Fe­(III)/Fe­(II) redox cycle. Initially, Mn­(II) (as MnII(PICA)+) complexes with a ferric hydroperoxo species, PICA-FeIII-OOH. The resulting binuclear complex undergoes intramolecular electron transfer to give Fe­(II), which later generates HO• from H2O2, plus MnO2+, which later decomposes to HO2•/O2•– (an Fe­(III) reductant) and Mn­(II), completing the catalytic cycle. This scheme may apply to other Fenton-type systems that go through an FeIII-OOH intermediate. The findings here will inform the design of practical and sustainable Fenton-based AOPs employing Mn­(II) in combination with chelating agents

Interaction between Organic Compounds and Catalyst Steers the Oxidation Pathway and Mechanism in the Iron Oxide-Based Heterogeneous Fenton System

In the past decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to the mechanistic understanding of various heterogeneous Fenton reactions. Nevertheless, controversy still remains on the oxidation mechanism/pathway toward different organic compounds in the classical iron oxide-based Fenton reaction, largely because the role of the interaction between the organic compounds and the catalyst has been scarcely considered. Here, we revisited the classic heterogeneous ferrihydrite (Fhy)/H2O2 system toward different organic compounds on the basis of a series of degradation experiments, alcohol quenching experiments, theoretical modeling, and intermediate analysis. The Fhy/H2O2 system exhibited highly selective oxidation toward the group of compounds that bear carboxyl groups, which tend to complex with the surface Fe(III) sites of the Fhy catalyst. Such interaction results in a nonradical inner sphere electron transfer process, which seizes one electron from the target compound and features negligible inhibition by the radical quencher. In contrast, for the oxidation of organic compounds that could not complex with the catalyst, the traditional HO· process makes the main contribution, which proceeds via hydroxyl addition reaction and could be readily suppressed by the radical quencher. This study implies that the interaction between the organic compounds and the catalyst plays a decisive role in the oxidation pathway and mechanism of the target compounds and provides a holistic understanding on the iron oxide-based heterogeneous Fenton system

Self-Enhanced Selective Oxidation of Phosphonate into Phosphate by Cu(II)/H₂O₂: Performance, Mechanism, and Validation

Phosphonate is an important category of highly soluble organophosphorus in contaminated waters, and its oxidative transformation into phosphate is usually a prerequisite step to achieve the in-depth removal of the total phosphorus. Currently, selective oxidation of phosphonate into phosphate is urgently desired as conventional advanced oxidation processes suffer from severe matrix interferences. Herein, we employed 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) as a model phosphonate and demonstrated its efficient and selective oxidation by the Cu­(II)/H2O2 process at alkaline pH. In the presence of trace Cu­(II) (0.020 mM), 90.8% of HEDP (0.10 mM) was converted to phosphate by H2O2 in 30 min at pH 9.5, whereas negligible conversion was observed by UV/H2O2 or a Fenton reaction (pH = 3.0). The oxidation of HEDP by Cu­(II)/H2O2 was insignificantly affected by natural organic matters (10.0 mg TOC/L) and various anions including chloride, sulfate, and nitrate (10.0 mM). The complexation of Cu­(II) with HEDP coupling Cu­(III) produced in situ enabled an intramolecular electron transfer process, which features high selective oxidation. Selective degradation of HEDP was further validated by adding stoichiometric H2O2 into an industrial effluent, where the existing Cu­(II) could serve as the catalyst. This study also provides a successful case to trigger selective oxidation of trace pollutants of concern upon synergizing with the nature of the contaminated water

Engineering Nano-Au-Based Sensor Arrays for Identification of Multiple Ni(II) Complexes in Water Samples

Advanced techniques for nickel (Ni­(II)) removal from polluted waters have long been desired but challenged by the diversity of Ni­(II) species (most in the form of complexes) which could not be readily discriminated by the traditional analytical protocols. Herein, a colorimetric sensor array is developed to address the above issue based on the shift of the UV–vis spectra of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) after interaction with Ni­(II) species. The sensor array is composed of three Au NP receptors modified by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), tributylhexadecylphosphonium bromide (THPB), and the mixture of 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid and adenosine monophosphate (MPS/AMP), to exhibit possible coordination, electrostatic attraction, and hydrophobic interaction toward different Ni­(II) species. Twelve classical Ni­(II) species were selected as targets to systematically demonstrate the applicability of the sensor array under various conditions. Multiple interactions with Ni­(II) species were evidenced to trigger the diverse Au NP aggregation behaviors and subsequently produce a distinct colorimetric response toward each Ni­(II) species. With the assistance of multivariate analysis, the Ni­(II) species, either as the sole compound or as mixtures, can be unambiguously discriminated with high selectivity in simulated and real water samples. Moreover, the sensor array is very sensitive with the detection limit in the range of 4.2 to 10.5 μM for the target Ni­(II) species. Principal component analysis signifies that coordination dominates the response of the sensor array toward different Ni­(II) species. The accurate Ni­(II) speciation provided by the sensor array is believed to assist the rational design of specific protocols for water decontamination and to shed new light on the development of convenient discrimination methods for other toxic metals of concern

Supplemental Material - Activating transcription factor 3 is a new biomarker correlation with renal clear cell carcinoma progression

Supplemental Material for Activating transcription factor 3 is a new biomarker correlation with renal clear cell carcinoma progression by Zhicong Yang, Yongwang Hou, Jingqi Li, Dandan Xu, Zhichao Yang, and Xinsheng Wang in International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology</p

Axially Overlapped Multi-Focus Light Sheet with Enlarged Field of View

Light sheet fluorescence microscopy provides optical sectioning and is widely used in volumetric imaging of large specimens. However, the axial resolution and the lateral Field of View (FoV) of the system, defined by the light sheet, typically limit each other due to the spatial band product of the excitation objective. Here, we develop a simple multi-focus scheme to extend the FoV, where a Gaussian light sheet can be focused at three or more consecutive positions. Axially overlapped multiple light sheets significantly enlarge the FoV with improved uniformity and negligible loss in axial resolution. By measuring the point spread function of fluorescent beads, we demonstrated that the obtained light sheet has a FoV of 450 um and a maximum axial FWHM of 7.5 um. Compared with the conventional single-focus one, the multi-focus Gaussian light sheet displays a significantly improved optical sectioning ability over the full FoV when imaging cells and zebrafish

Study on the mechanism of cerium oxide catalytic ozonation for controlling the formation of bromate in drinking water

<p>This study evaluated the formation of bromate (Br) in the catalytic ozonation with cerium oxide (CeO₂) compared with single ozonation and several catalytic ozonation with metal oxides (i.e. magnesium oxide (MgO) and synthetic goethite (FeOOH)). The results showed that the least Br was generated in the O₃/CeO₂ system. Primary experiments have confirmed that both Br⁻ and Br could be hardly adsorbed by CeO₂, and thus the inhibition of Br in the O₃/CeO₂ process was mainly ascribed to the effect of CeO₂ on the ozone decomposition and subsequent hydroxyl radical () formation in the bulk solution. Firstly, the degradation of para-chloronitrobenzene (pCNB) was examined and the results showed that less pCNB was degraded by O₃/CeO₂ than single ozonation, suggesting that formation was inhibited in the O₃/CeO₂ system. Furthermore, the effect of inorganic anions (i.e. sulfate (S) and nitrate (N)) on the systems was investigated. It was found that S had a negative effect on the Br inhibition in the O₃/CeO₂ process, which was due to that S inhibited the adsorption of O₃ and oxygen-containing species by CeO₂ through competing the active sites of CeO₂. Moreover, the inhibition of Br formation in the catalytic ozonation with the CeO₂ samples calcined at different temperatures was also studied. The results showed that the efficiency of inhibition decreased in the following sequence CeO₂ (450°C) > CeO₂ (650°C) > CeO₂ (250°C). X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses on the CeO₂ specimens showed that CeO₂ (450°C) had the highest Ce(IV) to Ce(III) ratio and the least lattice oxygen and adsorbed oxygen amount. Therefore, a new mechanism about the inhibition of Br formation in the O₃/CeO₂ system was proposed. Both O₃ molecules and some oxygen-containing intermediates from O₃ decomposition in solution will be adsorbed on the active sites of CeO₂, and the less lattice and adsorbed oxygen also promote the adsorption of oxygen-containing species on the CeO₂ surface. This will result in the inhibition of O₃ decomposition into in solution and thus inhibition of Br formation. This study improves our understanding of the O₃/CeO₂ process for controlling Br formation and also guides the practical application.</p