Ultra-deep Desulfurization of Gasoline with CuW/TiO₂–GO through Photocatalytic Oxidation

Graphene oxide (GO) was co-modified with copper, tungsten, and titanium oxide. A photocatalytic reactor was used to investigate the performance of the resulting catalysts in the ultra-deep desulfurization of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. The resultant samples were characterized using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques. XRD analysis indicated the coexistence of TiO₂, CuO, and WO₃ in the catalysts. The desulfurization rate, the refined oil yield, and the increase in the research octane number of FCC gasoline reached 100%, 99.4%, and 1.6 units, respectively, under suitable conditions of a metal content of 10.3%, a metal ratio of 0.7, a reaction temperature of 313 K, a reaction time of 1 h, a catalyst/gasoline ratio of 0.25, and an oxidant percent of 0.5%. The catalyst was active in the desulfurization reaction under ultraviolet irradiation and reused 3 times with no loss in activity

Enhanced ZnO Thin-Film Transistor Performance Using Bilayer Gate Dielectrics

We report ZnO TFTs using Al₂O₃/Ta₂O₅ bilayer gate dielectrics grown by atomic layer deposition. The saturation mobility of single layer Ta₂O₅ dielectric TFT was 0.1 cm² V^–1 s^–1, but increased to 13.3 cm² V^–1 s^–1 using Al₂O₃/Ta₂O₅ bilayer dielectric with significantly lower leakage current and hysteresis. We show that point defects present in ZnO film, particularly V_Zn, are the main reason for the poor TFT performance with single layer dielectric, although interfacial roughness scattering effects cannot be ruled out. Our approach combines the high dielectric constant of Ta₂O₅ and the excellent Al₂O₃/ZnO interface quality, resulting in improved device performance

Oxidant-Dependent Thermoelectric Properties of Undoped ZnO Films by Atomic Layer Deposition

Extraordinary oxidant-dependent changes in the thermoelectric properties of undoped ZnO thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) have been observed. Specifically, deionized water and ozone oxidants are used in the growth of ZnO by ALD using diethylzinc as a zinc precursor. No substitutional atoms have been added to the ZnO films. By using ozone as an oxidant instead of water, a thermoelectric power factor (σS²) of 5.76 × 10^–4 W m^–1 K^–2 is obtained at 705 K for undoped ZnO films. In contrast, the maximum power factor for the water-based ZnO film is only 2.89 × 10^–4 W m^–1 K^–2 at 746 K. Materials analysis results indicate that the oxygen vacancy levels in the water- and ozone-grown ZnO films are essentially the same, but the difference comes from Zn-related defects present in the ZnO films. The data suggest that the strong oxidant effect on thermoelectric performance can be explained by a mechanism involving point defect-induced differences in carrier concentration between these two oxides and a self-compensation effect in water-based ZnO due to the competitive formations of both oxygen and zinc vacancies. This strong oxidant effect on the thermoelectric properties of undoped ZnO films provides a pathway to improve the thermoelectric performance of this important material

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment

3D-Printed High-Frequency Dielectric Elastomer Actuator toward Insect-Scale Ultrafast Soft Robot

Insects with small and light bodies possess the capability of agile and fast movement in a small space. Inspired by nature, an insect-like soft robot may update the strategies in many scenarios like exploration, rescue, etc. However, the design and mass manufacture of soft robots combining insect size, fast mobility, good robustness, and impact-perception capability still present great engineering challenges. Herein, we report an insect-scale (15 mm body length (BL), 450 mg body weight) and ultrafast (∼4.0 BL s–1) soft robot. The remarkable motion performance is attributed to the high-frequency (760 Hz) operation as well as the long lifetime (>one million cycles) of its artificial muscle, which is a coil dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) made by multimaterial coaxial three-dimensional printing with well-designed highly elastic materials and 5-inlets nozzle structure. The current robot is not only the smallest and fastest among the reported DEA-driven robots but also obtains high robustness, good environmental adaptability, and impact-perception capability: It can run on various grounds and complex paths, climb inside small pipes, work in robot swarms, and sustain and perceive the impact of the external environment