Solvent-Controlled Pd(II)-Catalyzed Aerobic Chemoselective Intermolecular 1,2-Aminooxygenation and 1,2-Oxyamination of Conjugated Dienes for the Synthesis of Functionalized 1,4-Benzoxazines

Pd­(II)-catalyzed intermolecular 1,2-aminooxygenation and 1,2-oxyamination of conjugated dienes have been developed. The chemoselective preparation of a variety of 2-functionalized and 3-functionalized 1,4-benzoxazine derivatives was accomplished via the adjustment of a coordinating solvent. Oxygen was successfully used in this oxidative difunctionalization of alkenes. Good yields and selectivities were obtained for most products. A product bearing a spiro structure was also obtained from a 2,3-disubstituted-1,3-diene

Inhibition of Fat Accumulation by Hesperidin in Caenorhabditis elegans

Hesperidin, abundant in citrus fruits, has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, radioprotective, and antiviral activities. However, relatively few studies on the effects of hesperidin on lipid metabolism have been reported. Here, using Caenorhaditis elegans as a model animal, we found that 100 μM hesperidin significantly decreased fat accumulation in both high-fat worms cultured in nematode growth medium containing 10 mM glucose (83.5 ± 1.2% versus control by Sudan Black B staining and 87.6 ± 2.0% versus control by Oil Red O staining; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and <i>daf-2</i> mutant worms (87.8 ± 1.4% versus control by Oil Red O staining; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, 50 μM hesperidin decreased the ratio of oleic acid/stearic acid (C18:1Δ9/C18:0) (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and supplementation of oleic acid could restore the inhibitory effect of hesperidin on fat accumulation. Hesperidin significantly downregulated the expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, <i>fat-6</i>, and <i>fat-7</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and mutation of <i>fat-6</i> and <i>fat-7</i> reversed fat accumulation inhibited by hesperidin. In addition, hesperidin decreased the expression of other genes involved in lipid metabolism, including <i>pod-2</i>, <i>mdt-15</i>, <i>acs-2</i>, and <i>kat-1</i> (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These results suggested that hesperidin reduced fat accumulation by affecting several lipid metabolism pathways, such as <i>fat-6</i> and <i>fat-7</i>. This study provided new insights into elucidating the mechanism underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism by hesperidin