Relative importance of 6 different direct causes of maternal death in Wuhan during 2 periods between 2001 and 2012.

<p>A: Obstetric haemorrhage, B: Pregnancy complications, C: Amniotic fluid embolism, D: Gestational hypertension, E: Anesthetic accident, Ectopic pregnancy, Other.</p

Maternal mortality due to knowledge, attitude, resource and management.

<p>Maternal mortality due to knowledge, attitude, resource and management.</p

Frequency and percent of maternal deaths in provincial/municipal hospitals, county hospitals township hospitals, private clinics, homes and 2001–2012.

<p>Frequency and percent of maternal deaths in provincial/municipal hospitals, county hospitals township hospitals, private clinics, homes and 2001–2012.</p

The maternal mortality ratios in 2001–2012 for Wuhan and all cities in China combined.

<p>The maternal mortality ratios in 2001–2012 for Wuhan and all cities in China combined.</p

Associations between lead exposure and violent crime types, St. Louis City, MO.

<p>Associations between lead exposure and violent crime types, St. Louis City, MO.</p

Crude rates of violent crime are presented by quantile, with darker blue shades indicating lower crime rates and darker red shades indicating higher crime rates.

<p>Rates are per 1,000 people.</p

Characteristics of St. Louis City census tracts (n = 106).

<p>Characteristics of St. Louis City census tracts (n = 106).</p

Adjusted standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) presented for each crime type.

<p><b>Note</b>: All models include adjustment for the proportion of elevated blood lead level tests, concentrated disadvantage, median housing age, the proportion of renter-occupied housing, domestic settings (except for the robbery and homicide/rape outcomes), and spatial autocorrelation using spatial Poisson regression (firearm, assault, and robbery outcomes) and zero-inflated Poisson regression (homicide and rape outcomes).</p

Association between maternal family history of hypertension and preterm birth: modification by noise exposure and multivitamin intake

To measure the effect of maternal family history of hypertension on preterm birth (PTB) and to identify factors that modified this association. A case-control study was nested in a prospective cohort of the entire pregnant population in Wuhan, China, from 2011 to 2013. Home-visit interviews were scheduled for all PTBs and their controls, to collect extensive information on maternal exposures to behavioral, environmental, and intergenerational risk factors of PTB. The effects of maternal family history of hypertension on PTB were measured by logistic regression analyses, controlling for potential confounders. Potential effect modifiers were examined using stratified analyses. There were 2393 PTBs and 4263 full-term births out of all eligible births. A positive association was observed between maternal family history of hypertension and PTB, after adjusted for potential confounders (adjusted odds ratio: 1.17 [1.03, 1.33]). A higher effect was observed when mothers were exposed to certain noise during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.37 [1.14, 1.65]) and/or when they did not take multivitamins during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.46 [1.20, 1.78]), whereas, this association was weaker and no longer significant when mothers took multivitamins during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.00 [0.84, 1.19]) and/or when they were not exposed to certain noise during pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio: 1.01 [0.85, 1.12]). The modification effect from maternal multivitamin intake was significant on both spontaneous and medically indicated PTBs, and the modification effect from maternal exposure to certain noise was only significant on spontaneous PTB. Increased PTB risk was observed for pregnant women with a family history of hypertension in Wuhan, China. This effect was stronger when pregnant women did not take multivitamin and/or exposed to certain noise during pregnancy, than those who took multivitamin and/or unexposed to certain noise.</p

Additional file 1: of Overweight modifies the association between long-term ambient air pollution and prehypertension in Chinese adults: the 33 Communities Chinese Health Study

Outlining baseline characteristics of the study population, air pollutants exposures, and additional modeling details. Supplementary methods. explanation of the air pollution data. Table S1. Characteristics of the study participants and non-participants. Table S2. Three-year average concentrations of air pollutants and area-level GDP and PD in 11 districts. Table S3. Pair-wise correlations of air pollutants. Table S4. Age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate of prehypertension in relation to categories of air pollutants concentrations and BMI. Table S5. Associations between air pollutants and blood pressures in two BMI categories after excluding participants who were underweight. Table S6. Associations between air pollutants and blood pressures in two BMI categories after excluding hypotensive participants. Table S7. Associations between air pollutants and blood pressures in two BMI categories after excluding participants with diabetes mellitus. (DOCX 61 kb