107 research outputs found

    A kognitív készségek rendszere és fejlődése

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    Additional file 7: Figure S1. The KEGG pathways separately enriched with hypermethylated (a) and hypomethylated (b) genes in at least 10% of the 539 TCGA lung adenocarcinoma samples

    Structure Evolution of Synthetic Amino Acids-Derived Basic Ionic Liquids for Catalytic Production of Biodiesel

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    A two-step strategy was attempted to develop the best amino acid-based basic ionic liquids for catalytic production of biodiesel via transesterification. Cholinium with various amino acids as paired anions were first synthesized to screen anionic moiety. Arginine and histidine were selected for further structural evolution by varying the substituents of tetraammonium cation. Tetrabutylammonium arginine ([TBA]­[Arg]) was found to be the most effective catalyst to obtain 98.0%–99.8% yield of biodiesel at 80 °C within 15 min with catalyst loading of 28.84 mmol/100 g high oleic sunflower oil. <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectra of reactants and products certified the progress of transesterification structurally. Biodiesel yield of 98.80% was obtained under the optimal conditions: catalyst loading 6% (oil basis, w/w), temperature 90 °C, methanol to oil mole ratio 9:1, and 15 min reaction. The catalytic transesterification by [TBA]­[Arg] was applicable for different alkyl alcohols, but the activity decreased with increasing alkyl chain length. The catalyst did not show specificity and preference to different glycerides and different fatty acids. The strong protonizability of the guanidine moiety in [Arg]<sup>−</sup> and stability of [TBA]<sup>+</sup>, [TMA]<sup>+</sup> and [Ch]<sup>+</sup> in methanol are suggested to be responsible for the high catalytic activity of the ILs. The developed catalyst significantly reduced the reaction time and might be greener and more sustainable due to the properties of the substrates and the preparation in water

    Complete Utilization of Rapeseed Meal to Produce Lipophilic Antioxidants, Protein, and Monosugars in a Concordant Manner

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    The possibilities of complete utilization of rapeseed meal to produce lipophilic phenolic compounds, protein, and monosugars were evaluated extensively in this work. Advanced techniques including NMR and MS were employed for confirming the occurrence of the proposed reaction structurally. Lipophilization of the major phenolic compound in rapeseed meal, sinapine, by transesterification reaction was achieved in a solvent-free system with optimal conditions of 10 mg NaOH/g meal, 70 °C, 15 mL methanol/g meal, and 15 min. Sinapate alkyl esters yields were decreased gradually with longer chain alcohols. However, the purity of the targeted compounds in corresponding alcohols was improved due to low solubilities of the other polar compounds. After sinapate alkyl esters production, the solid residue was soaked in NaOH solution at room temperature for protein extraction and 50 mg protein/g meal with protein content of 77% was obtained. The above two procedures played roles as pretreatments of the carbohydrate. Hexose yield of 67% was reached without any other pretreatments. This work suggests the big possibilities of producing high value products from rapeseed meal in a concordant manner

    Batch effects on tumour samples for nine cancer types.

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    <p>(a) different batches and different laboratories; (b) the same laboratory but different batches; (c) the same batch but different laboratories; (d) Hierarchical clustering the tumour samples of ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma in batch 9 and batch 12. For a cancer type denoted in the x-axis in graph a, b or c, a box plot in the y-axis represents the percentage of probes significantly susceptible to different batch conditions. The percentage takes value ranging from 0 (no susceptible probe) to 1 (100% susceptible probes). Each box stretches from the lower hinge (defined as the 25th percentile) to the upper hinge (the 75th percentile) and the median is shown as a line across the box.</p

    Concordance between differential methylation and differential expression.

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    §<p>Gene number denotes the number of hypermethylated (or hypomethylated) genes which were determined to be differentially expressed in the expression data.</p

    Rational Bottom-Up Engineering of Electrocatalysts by Atomic Layer Deposition: A Case Study of Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>Co<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>S<sub><i>y</i></sub>‑Based Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution

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    A rational bottom-up engineering strategy for efficient electrocatalysts based on atomic layer deposition (ALD) is reported. The strategy involves compositional optimization of surface catalyst material by ALD for high specific activity and geometric optimization of electrode structure for high surface area. The two optimizations are decoupled herein, because the conformal ALD ensures that the coating of the catalyst does not depend on the substrate geometry. To demonstrate this strategy, we choose ternary Fe<sub><i>x</i></sub>Co<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>S<sub><i>y</i></sub> compound as the catalyst for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Compositional optimization shows that Fe<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.46</sub>S<sub>0.92</sub> is the best composition for high specific HER activity, and it is therefore chosen to be conformally coated by ALD on a high-surface-area CNTs/CC (carbon nanotubes on carbon cloth) electrode. The synthesized Fe<sub>0.54</sub>Co<sub>0.46</sub>S<sub>0.92</sub>/CNTs/CC electrode exhibits a fairly low HER overpotential of −70 mV for achieving −10 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> in current density in alkaline solution, which demonstrates the effectiveness of this ALD-based engineering strategy

    Batch effects on DM genes of six cancer types.

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    <p>For each cancer type denoted in the x-axis, a box plot in the y-axis represents the consistency score defined as the proportion of DM genes with consistent methylation states among all overlapping DM gene commonly detected in both of the two groups (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0029686#s2" target="_blank">‘Methods’</a> section). The consistency score takes value ranging from 0 (no consistent states) to 1 (100% consistent states). Each box stretches from the lower hinge (defined as the 25th percentile) to the upper hinge (the 75th percentile) and the median is shown as a line across the box.</p

    The Methylation and Expression datasets of five cancer types for concordance analysis.

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    #<p>Each dataset is denoted by the following nomenclature: initial character of the cancer type followed by the total number of samples of the dataset; NA, not available.</p
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