296 research outputs found
PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE JIGSAW UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AQIDAH AKHLAK PESERTA DIDIK KELAS V MI IRSYADUT THOLIBIN TUGU REJOTANGAN TULUNGAGUNG
ABSTRAK
Skripsi dengan judul āPenerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw Untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Aqidah Akhlak Peserta Didik Kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagungā ini ditulis oleh Sunatul Laila, NIM. 2817133189, Jurusan Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (PGMI) Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Ilmu Keguruan, IAIN Tulungagung, dibimbing oleh Dr. Agus Purwowidodo, M.Pd.
Kata Kunci: Kooperatif, Jigsaw, Hasil Belajar
Penelitian dalam skripsi ini dilatar belakangi oleh temuan permasalahan dalam pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak yaitu rendahnya hasil belajar. Hal ini tampak ketika pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak berlangsung, banyak peserta didik yang sibuk ngobrol sendiri ketika guru menjelaskan materi. Model pembelajaran yang telah digunakan dirasa kurang mampu membuat peserta didik berperan aktif dalam proses pembelajaran, sehingga minat belajar peserta didik berkurang. Dalam hal ini peneliti berusaha mengatasi permasalahan tersebut melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw yang diharapkan mampu meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik Kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung.
Rumusan masalah pada penelitian ini meliputi: 1) Bagaimana peningkatan kerjasama kelompok peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017? 2) Bagaimana peningkatan keaktifan belajar Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017? 3) Bagaimana peningkatan hasil belajar Aqidah Akhlak pokok bahasan Akhlak Tercela melalui Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Jigsaw peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung 2016/2017?. Adapun yang menjadi tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan peningkatan kerjasama, keaktifan dan hasil belajar peserta didik dalam kegiatan pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak materi Akhlak Tercela melalui penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung.
Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas, yang terdiri dari dua siklus dan setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahapan, yakni: 1) menyusun perencanaan (planning), 2) pelaksanaan tindakan (action), 3) melaksanakan pengamatan (observing), 4) mengadakan refleksi (reflection). Subjek penelitian yaitu peserta didik kelas V MI Irsyadut Tholibin Tugu Rejotangan Tulungagung tahun ajaran 2016/2017 yaitu terdiri dari 25 peserta didik. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan yaitu tes, observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi, catatan lapangan. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu: 1) reduksi data, 2) penyajian data, 3) penarikan kesimpulan.
Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah penulis lakukan, maka telah terjadi peningkatan kerjasama, keaktifan dan hasil belajar peserta didik dengan diterapkannya model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Jigsaw. Hal ini dibuktikan berdasarkan observasi aktivitas peneliti meningkat dari 77% dengan kategori baik pada siklus I menjadi 94% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Kerjasama peserta didik meningkat dari 75% dengan kategori cukup pada siklus I menjadi 95% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Serta keaktifan peserta didik meningkat dari 80% dengan kategori baik pada siklus I menjadi 90% dengan kategori sangat baik pada siklus II. Begitu juga dengan ketuntasan belajar peserta didik yang mengalami peningkatan dengan ditunjukkan presentase hasil belajar 16% dengan kategori kurang sekali pada tes awal (pre test) setelah mendapat penanganan pada siklus I hasil belajar peserta didik meningkat menjadi 70,83% dengan kategori baik. Pada siklus II hasil belajar meningkat lagi menjadi 100% dengan kategori sangat baik. Dari hasil belajar pada siklus II telah menunjukkan adanya ketercapaian indikator keberhasilan yang telah ditentukan
Study on the formation and rheological properties of sucrose stearate lamellar liquid crystals
<p>The phase diagrams of S1570āBrij 97/oleic acid/water system at two different S1570/Brij 97 mass ratios of 1/1 (system S) and 7/3 (system P) were determined at 37Ā°C, respectively. The microstructures and rheological properties of liquid crystals at constant surfactants/water mass ratio of 1/1 were studied with increase in oil content. Small-angle x-ray scattering measurements showed that system S exhibited a typical lamellar liquid crystals and the repeat distance (<i>d</i>) decreased as oil content increased. While for system P, two couples of scattering peaks were observed when oil content reached 28Ā wt%. This indicated that adding oil content may give rise to a multilamellar structures in the higher S1570/Brij 97 mass ratio system. The rheological tests indicated that a transition from elastic gel-like properties to viscoelastic liquid-like properties appeared in both system S and P when oil content reached 20Ā wt%, corresponding to the polarizing optical microscopy textures changing from oily streak to cruciate flower. This supplies a way to adjust structure, rheological properties, and even phase transition by altering the S1570/Brij 97 mass ratio and oleic acid content in system.</p
An Acidity Scale of Triazolium-Based NHC Precursors in DMSO
An acidity scale of triazolium-based
N-heterocyclic carbene precursors was established by measuring 25
compoundsā (<b>10a</b>ā<b>15b</b>) equilibrium
acidities in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution using overlapping
indicator method. The p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> values ranged
from 12.08 to 15.5, responding not only to the <i>N</i>-aryl
motif, but also to the core structure. Excellent correlation was observed
between the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> values and the Hammett
substituent constants (Ļ<sub>p</sub>)
Nondirected Copper-Catalyzed Sulfoxidations of Benzylic CāH Bonds
A copper-catalyzed sulfoxidation
of benzylic CāH bonds by
nondirected oxidative CĀ(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H activation was developed.
The process proceeds via sulfenate anions, which are generated by
base-triggered elimination of Ī²-sulfinyl esters and benzyl radicals.
The functional group tolerance is high, and the product yields are
good
Larger Effect of Sintering Temperature Than Particle Size on the Photocatalytic Activity of Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>
Photocatalytic
activity of anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> that increases
with the increase of its synthesis temperature has been widely reported,
but the reason for that remains incompletely understood. In this work,
the positive effect of synthesis temperature, presumably due to the
growth of particle size, has been examined. Three series of anatase
samples with various particle sizes were prepared from the hydrolysis
of TiOSO<sub>4</sub> in water at 150 Ā°C, followed by calcinations
in air. The particle size of TiO<sub>2</sub>, estimated by X-ray diffraction
and N<sub>2</sub> adsorption, increased with the increase of the hydrothermal
time, calcination time, and calcination temperature. For phenol photodegradation
in aerated aqueous suspension, three series of the catalysts showed
different correlation between the activity and particle size of TiO<sub>2</sub>. However, with the same amount of Ag<sup>+</sup> adsorbed
on the oxide surface for phenol photodegradation in a N<sub>2</sub>-purged aqueous suspension, those catalysts showed activities all
increasing with the particle size of TiO<sub>2</sub>, whereas at given
particle size, the thermally treated TiO<sub>2</sub> was much more
active than the hydrothermally treated one. These observations are
discussed in terms of the solid crystallinity, surface area, exposed
facets, surface hydroxyl groups, and light absorption. But, there
only appears a positive correlation between the particle size, calcination
temperature, and the number of surface defects, as revealed by photoluminescence
spectroscopy. The increase of surface defects may facilitate separation
of the photogenerated charges, consequently improving the efficiency
for phenol degradation at the solidāliquid interface
Specifying Ability Growth Models Using a Multidimensional Item Response Model for Repeated Measures Categorical Ordinal Item Response Data
<p>When categorical ordinal item response data are collected over multiple timepoints from a repeated measures design, an item response theory (IRT) modeling approach whose unit of analysis is an item response is suitable. This study proposes a few longitudinal IRT models and illustrates how a popular compensatory multidimensional IRT model can be utilized to formulate such longitudinal IRT models, which permits an investigation of ability growth at both individual and population levels. The equivalence of an existing multidimensional IRT model and those longitudinal IRT models is also elaborated so that one can make use of an existing multidimensional IRT model to implement the longitudinal IRT models.</p
Visible Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Photocatalytic Two-Electron Oxygen Formation over Cu- and Fe-Doped gāC<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>
Water
splitting via two two-electron processes (the H<sub>2</sub>O first
photocatalytically converted to H<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> under visible light irradiation and then the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> disproportionation to H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub> by a thermal catalytic process) has attracted extensive attention
recently., Contrary to these reports, we found that
not only the photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub> generation could be driven
by visible light but also the two-electron H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> disproportionation to form H<sub>2</sub>O and O<sub>2</sub> could
also be photocatalyzed by visible light over g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> catalysts. Photocatalytic H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub> generation,
and simultaneous H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> formation in Cu/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and Fe/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> dispersions
were confirmed, about 2.1 and 1.4 Ī¼mol of H<sub>2</sub> and
0.8 and 0.5 Ī¼mol of O<sub>2</sub> evolved over Cu/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> and Fe/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> in 12 h, respectively.
To prove the photocatalytic process of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> disproportionation,
the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> was added as a reagent in g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, Cu/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>, and Fe/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> dispersions. The results showed that the activity of
H<sub>2</sub> evolution decreased with the increase of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> concentration; the corresponding AQEs of oxygen formation
were 16.1%, 42.6%, and 78.5% at 400 nm, respectively. The remarkable
increase of anodic photocurrents over Fe/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/ITO and Cu/C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/ITO electrodes indicated that
the two-electron H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> disproportionation was
catalyzed via surface photocatalytic mechanism. The ESR results implied
reaction occurred by O<sub>2</sub><sup>ā</sup>Ā· radical
path over g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> under irradiation
Crucial Roles of ElectronāProton Transport Relay in the Photosystem II-Photocatalytic Hybrid System for Overall Water Splitting
Redox shuttle reaction
plays a crucial role in electron and proton
transfer process of natural and artificial photosynthesis for the
solar-to-chemical energy conversion. In nature, photosynthetic electron
transfer is delivered efficiently by the elaborated redox cofactors
for generation of the reducing equivalents. However, efficient electron/proton
transport is still a challenge to couple the natural and artificial
photosynthetic system. Herein, we demonstrate a hybrid photosystem
in conjugation of plant photosystem II (PSII) and inorganic Ru/SrTiO<sub>3</sub>:Rh (Rh-doped) photocatalyst with quinoneāferricyanide
relay for overall water splitting reaction under visible light irradiation.
Electrons and protons from natural PSII to artificial photocatalyst
by a quinone molecule are transported at the bioinorganic interface.
Furthermore, the quinoneāferricyanide transport relay is found
to be much more efficient in enhancement of the water splitting activity.
This work makes it possible to construct the hybrid photosynthetic
system by taking the advantages of both natural and artificial systems
Brookite vs Anatase TiO<sub>2</sub> in the Photocatalytic Activity for Organic Degradation in Water
Brookite
is the least studied TiO<sub>2</sub>, and its photocatalytic activity
higher or lower than that of anatase still remains unclear. In this
work, three different model reactions have been used for the activity
assessment. Phase-pure brookite and anatase were homemade at different
temperatures (<i>T</i><sub>s</sub> = 200ā500 Ā°C),
as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. For phenol
oxidation in aerated aqueous solution, brookite showed an apparent
activity higher and lower than that of anatase at low and high <i>T</i><sub>s</sub>, respectively. For chromate reduction in aerated
aqueous suspension, the apparent activity of brookite was always lower
than that of anatase. However, with the same amount of CrĀ(VI) or AgĀ(I)
adsorbed on the oxide in water for CrĀ(VI) reduction or for phenol
degradation under N<sub>2</sub>, the intrinsic activities of brookite
and anatase not only became similar at given <i>T</i><sub>s</sub> but also increased with the increase of <i>T</i><sub>s</sub>. Moreover, for O<sub>2</sub> reduction to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the presence of excess phenol, the BET surface area
normalized activity of brookite was always higher than that of anatase,
the trend of which was similar to that observed from phenol degradation
in aerated aqueous solution. It is proposed that brookite has a stronger
affinity to O<sub>2</sub> in water than anatase. Then, the observed
difference between brookite and anatase in the apparent photocatalytic
activity for phenol degradation is ascribed to the combined effect
of <i>T</i><sub>s</sub>, surface area, and sorption capacity
toward the dissolved O<sub>2</sub> in water
Uniformly Sized (112) Facet Co<sub>2</sub>P on Graphene for Highly Effective Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
We show that photocatalytic
hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) rate
is highly dependent on Co surface state, indicated by binding energy
data. The key process of hydrogen generation, Co<sub>2</sub>PāH
species formation, follows lower hydrogen adsorption free energy (Ī<i>G</i><sub>H</sub>) route. Such low surface energy species can
dramatically decrease the overpotential for HER (about 35 mV for HER
in basic electrolyte at pH 11, and 150 and 196 mV overpotentials at
current density 5 and 15 mA/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively). This could
explain why Co<sub>2</sub>P loaded on reduced graphene oxide (RGO)
reached high hydrogen generation rate, 1068 Ī¼molĀ·h<sup>ā1</sup>, much higher than that of Pt/RGO catalyst (822 Ī¼molĀ·h<sup>ā1</sup>) under the same reaction condition, while a high
apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) (33.3%) was achieved at 520 nm.
Moreover, it opens a design strategy for development of cocatalyst
with enhanced efficiencies through change of surface H species formation
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