Adolescent Rebellion: Causes and Guiding Strategies

Adolescent rebellion often happens during puberty, a pivotal stage in a child’s development. Teenagers are prone to engaging in a variety of aberrant behaviors throughout their rebellious stage, some of which may cause considerable harm to families and society as well as to themselves. The objective of this paper is to examine the reasons for adolescent rebellion in various circumstances and to provide appropriate techniques for guiding teens through this trying time

First Observation of the Production of Three Massive Vector Bosons and Search for Long-Lived Particles using Delayed Photons in pp Collisions at √s = 13 TeV

This thesis presents the first observation of the production of three massive vector bosons (VVV with V= W, Z) in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at √s = 13 TeV. The search was performed in final states with two same-sign charged leptons (electrons or muons) plus one or two jets, and three, four, five, or six leptons from WWW, WWZ, WZZ and ZZZ decays, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb-1 collected by the CMS experiment during 2016-2018. The observed (expected) significance of the combined VVV production is 5.7 (5.9) standard deviations, and the production cross section is measured to be 1010+210-200(stat)+150-120(syst) fb, corresponding to a signal strength of 1.02+0.26-0.23. We also found evidence for WWW and for WWZ production, with observed significances of 3.3 and 3.4 standard deviations, respectively. The measured production cross sections for individual VVV processes are also reported. The establishment of VVV production opens a new program of many standard model studies (such as gauge-gauge and Higgs-gauge couplings), and provides a new tool for many new physics searches (such as anomalous gauge coupling searches, new resonance searches). This thesis also reports a search for long-lived supersymmetry particles decaying to photons in proton-proton collisions at the LHC at √s = 13 TeV, with a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 77.4fb-1 collected by CMS during 2016-2017. Results are interpreted with a gauge-mediated supersymmetry breaking model, where the long-lived particle is a neutralino and the lightest supersymmetry particle is a gravitino. For neutralino proper decay lengths of 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 m, masses up to 320, 525, 360, and 215 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level, respectively. This result extends the limits from previous searches by one order of magnitude for the neutralino proper decay length and up to 100 GeV more for the neutralino mass. Motivated by the need for precision timing measurements for long-lived particle searches, as well as for improvements in general object reconstruction performance, the timing performance of two types of sensors are studied in this thesis: one with a Cerium doped Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO:Ce) crystal as the scintillator and a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) as the photodetector, another with a Cadmium-Telluride sensor as the active material for a sampling calorimeter. Both setups have been demonstrated with test beams to be able to provide timing measurements of particles with a resolution below 30 ps.</p

Storage dynamics, hydrological connectivity and flux ages in a karst catchment : Conceptual modelling using stable isotopes

This research was supported by The UK-China Critical Zone Observatory (CZO) Programme (41571130071), the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (41571020, 41601013), the National 973 Program of China (2015CB452701), the National Key Research and development Program of China (2016YFC0502602), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2016B04814) and the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NE/N007468/1). In addition, we thank Sylvain Kuppel, the two anonymous reviewers, Thom Bogaard and the editor for their constructive comments which significantly improved the manuscript. The isotope data as well as rainfall and flow measurements used for this paper can be shared after the ending of our project (2019) according to the project executive policy. Anyone who would like to use the data can contact the corresponding author after signing the agreement. The data were obtained through a purchasing agreement for this study. GIS data in this study are available.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Characterizing the variability of transit time distributions and young water fractions in karst catchments using flux tracking

Open access via the Jisc Wiley Agreeement National Natural Science Foundation of China (GrantNumber(s): 41571130071, 41971028) National Key Research and development Program of China (GrantNumber(s): 2016YFC0502602) UK Natural Environment Research Council (GrantNumber(s): NE/N007468/1)Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Effects of passive-storage conceptualization on modeling hydrological function and isotope dynamics in the flow system of a cockpit karst landscape

Funding Information: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 42030506 and 41971028). We thank Natalie Orlowski, the two reviewers (Catherine Bertrand and the anonymous reviewer) and Thom Bogaard for their constructive comments that significantly improved the manuscript. Funding Information: Acknowledgements. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 42030506 and 41971028). We thank Natalie Orlowski, the two reviewers (Catherine Bertrand and the anonymous reviewer) and Thom Bogaard for their constructive comments that significantly improved the manuscript. Financial support. This research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 42030506 and 41971028). Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2022 Guangxuan Li et al.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Unravelling the factors affecting multiple facets of macroinvertebrate beta diversity in the World’s Third Pole

AbstractAim: Disentangling how stochastic and deterministic processes contribute to variation in beta diversity is a common goal for ecologists and biogeographers. However, such studies are scarce in alpine streams, especially when different diversity facets are considered. Here, we combined different approaches to examine the drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversities, and discussed how our results can inform community assembly and biodiversity conservation in Tibetan streams.Location: Tibet plateau.Taxon: Macroinvertebrates.Methods: We first partitioned multiple facets of beta diversity (Btotal) into species replacement (Brepl) and richness difference (Brich) as well as local (LCBD) or species (SCBD) contributions. Then, we applied ordination methods to examine the relative importance of local, climatic and spatial factors on Btotal, Brepl and Brich, respectively. We explored community assembly rules using null models based on trait and phylogeny structure.Results: Btotal displayed high values and was primarily driven by Brepl. Local, climatic and spatial factors were poor predictors of the different facets of beta diversity. Null models showed that the diversity metrics did not differ from those of null expectations, suggesting that most individual streams might be occupied by species that were merely random draws from the functional or phylogenetic pools available in this region. Partitioning beta diversity into LCBD and SCBD implied that the upper canyon streams were more unique than those at lower elevations and can be valuable for biodiversity conservation.Conclusions: Analysing multiple facets of beta diversity provide important insights into community assembly that cannot be acquired by focusing on taxonomic diversity only. Using a multi-faceted approach involving species, phylogenetic and trait data, our study not only sheds light on the assembly mechanisms of macroinvertebrate communities in alpine streams, but also bring inspirations for biodiversity conservation in the ’World’s Third Pole‘ that is highly sensitive to global change.Abstract Aim: Disentangling how stochastic and deterministic processes contribute to variation in beta diversity is a common goal for ecologists and biogeographers. However, such studies are scarce in alpine streams, especially when different diversity facets are considered. Here, we combined different approaches to examine the drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversities, and discussed how our results can inform community assembly and biodiversity conservation in Tibetan streams. Location: Tibet plateau. Taxon: Macroinvertebrates. Methods: We first partitioned multiple facets of beta diversity (Btotal) into species replacement (Brepl) and richness difference (Brich) as well as local (LCBD) or species (SCBD) contributions. Then, we applied ordination methods to examine the relative importance of local, climatic and spatial factors on Btotal, Brepl and Brich, respectively. We explored community assembly rules using null models based on trait and phylogeny structure. Results: Btotal displayed high values and was primarily driven by Brepl. Local, climatic and spatial factors were poor predictors of the different facets of beta diversity. Null models showed that the diversity metrics did not differ from those of null expectations, suggesting that most individual streams might be occupied by species that were merely random draws from the functional or phylogenetic pools available in this region. Partitioning beta diversity into LCBD and SCBD implied that the upper canyon streams were more unique than those at lower elevations and can be valuable for biodiversity conservation. Conclusions: Analysing multiple facets of beta diversity provide important insights into community assembly that cannot be acquired by focusing on taxonomic diversity only. Using a multi-faceted approach involving species, phylogenetic and trait data, our study not only sheds light on the assembly mechanisms of macroinvertebrate communities in alpine streams, but also bring inspirations for biodiversity conservation in the ’World’s Third Pole‘ that is highly sensitive to global change

Coal based carbon dots: recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications

Carbon dots are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials with quantum confinement effects and edge effects, which have aroused great interests in many disciplines such as energy, chemistry, materials, and environmental applications. They can be prepared by chemical oxidation, electrochemical synthesis, hydrothermal preparation, arc discharge, microwave synthesis, template method, and many other methods. However, the raw materials' high cost, the complexity and environmental-unfriendly fabrication process limit their large-scale production and commercialization. Herein, we review the latest developments of coal-based carbon dots about selecting coal-derived energy resources (bituminous coal, anthracite, lignite, coal tar, coke, etc.) the developments of synthesis processes, surface modification, and doping of carbon dots. The coal-based carbon dots exhibit the advantages of unique fluorescence, efficient catalysis, excellent water solubility, low toxicity, inexpensive, good biocompatibility, and other advantages, which hold the potentiality for a wide range of applications such as environmental pollutants sensing, catalyst preparation, chemical analysis, energy storage, and medical imaging technology. This review aims to provide a guidance of finding abundant and cost-effective precursors, green, simple and sustainable production processes to prepare coal-based carbon dots, and make further efforts to exploit the application of carbon dots in broader fields

Parameterization of Cross-token Relations with Relative Positional Encoding for Vision MLP

Vision multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) have shown promising performance in computer vision tasks, and become the main competitor of CNNs and vision Transformers. They use token-mixing layers to capture cross-token interactions, as opposed to the multi-head self-attention mechanism used by Transformers. However, the heavily parameterized token-mixing layers naturally lack mechanisms to capture local information and multi-granular non-local relations, thus their discriminative power is restrained. To tackle this issue, we propose a new positional spacial gating unit (PoSGU). It exploits the attention formulations used in the classical relative positional encoding (RPE), to efficiently encode the cross-token relations for token mixing. It can successfully reduce the current quadratic parameter complexity O(N2) of vision MLPs to $O(N)$ and O(1). We experiment with two RPE mechanisms, and further propose a group-wise extension to improve their expressive power with the accomplishment of multi-granular contexts. These then serve as the key building blocks of a new type of vision MLP, referred to as PosMLP. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by conducting thorough experiments, demonstrating an improved or comparable performance with reduced parameter complexity. For instance, for a model trained on ImageNet1K, we achieve a performance improvement from 72.14% to 74.02% and a learnable parameter reduction from 19.4M to 18.2M

FEM Analysis of Dynamic Response of Buried Fiber Reinforced Plastic Matrix Pipe under Seismic Load

Fiber reinforced plastic matrix pipes have been widely used in the field of civil engineering and hydraulic engineering. In general, the existing FEM models used in the seismic analysis of buried pipes do not fully consider the dynamic interaction between pipe and surrounding soil, and most of the models are proposed for homogeneous pipe. Therefore, the existing models cannot be directly applied to the seismic analysis of fiber reinforced plastic matrix pipes with laminated structure. Based on the aforementioned, the FEM model for the seismic analysis of fiber reinforced plastic matrix pipes is presented by taking consideration of the laminated structure, the complicated dynamic interaction between pipe and surrounding soil, and the propagation of seismic scattering waves from finite field to infinite field. The analysis results of a project case show that the proposed model can reasonably analyse the dynamic response of buried fiber reinforced plastic matrix pipes under seismic load