Measurements and analysis of atomic emission from atomic Li, Na, and K seeded in different flames for potential application to temperature sensing

Alkali metal atoms, especially sodium and potassium, show an intense fluorescence in hot flue gases. The bright fluorescence emitted by alkali metal atoms offers a large potential for spectroscopic combustion analysis. In this thesis, the temperature dependence of the two-component fluorescence intensity ratio Na/K, as well as the three-component ratio Na·Li/K2 was investigated in the flames with known relative concentrations of seeded alkali elements. A theoretical simulation based on thermal radiation excitation was performed to describe the temperature dependence of fluorescence intensity ratios Na/K and Na·Li/K2 in burned gas region. However, measurements show that the two-component fluorescence intensity ratio Na/K is pretty sensitive to the gas temperature whereas the three-component ratio Na·Li/K2 is less temperature dependent. The hot flue gas environment was provided by a modified Perkin-Elmer burner and the alkali metal atoms (Na, K, and Li) were provided through Na2CO3, K2CO3, and Li2CO3 water solution seeding.Are you curious about what is happening when you look upon the sky seeing beautiful fireworks? Have you ever stared at the candle wondering what is inside the flame when you enjoy a candlelit dinner? They are all about combustion physics. People are not strange to combustion since our ancestors firstly knew how to generate a fire. What you may not know is flame can emit colorful fluorescence when metal atoms are added. Different metal atoms show different flame color. For sodium, the flame color is yellow; while for potassium, it is purple red. This bright fluorescence emitted by the metal atoms can provide us with abundant information about the flame. This project aims to find the relationship between the flame temperature and the alkali metal fluorescence intensities. It is possible to develop a temperature-measurement method based on this relationship. We established a theoretical model to describe the temperature dependence of the three-component fluorescence intensity ratio Na·Li/K2 and the two-component ratio Na/K based on the understanding of involved physical and chemical process. The temperature dependence of those two ratios was also measured from experiments and compared to the prediction. The cheapest and most common way to measure the temperature in laboratory today is using a temperature sensor called "thermocouple", which, however, is unstable and inaccurate. If a more accurate temperature is needed, it is very expensive. Therefore, it is valuable to investigate the temperature sensing of alkali metal or other atoms and hopefully develop a novel temperature-measurement method based on related researches. Imagine how convenient it will be if we can obtain the temperature of flame by just spraying some fuel additives to it

Tunnel transport and interlayer excitons in bilayer fractional quantum Hall systems

In a bilayer system consisting of a composite-fermion Fermi sea in each layer, the tunnel current is exponentially suppressed at zero bias, followed by a strong peak at a finite bias voltage $V_{\rm max}$. This behavior, which is qualitatively different from that observed for the electron Fermi sea, provides fundamental insight into the strongly correlated non-Fermi liquid nature of the CF Fermi sea and, in particular, offers a window into the short-distance high-energy physics of this state. We identify the exciton responsible for the peak current and provide a quantitative account of the value of $V_{\rm max}$. The excitonic attraction is shown to be quantitatively significant, and its variation accounts for the increase of $V_{\rm max}$ with the application of an in-plane magnetic field. We also estimate the critical Zeeman energy where transition occurs from a fully spin polarized composite fermion Fermi sea to a partially spin polarized one, carefully incorporating corrections due to finite width and Landau level mixing, and find it to be in satisfactory agreement with the Zeeman energy where a qualitative change has been observed for the onset bias voltage [Eisenstein et al., Phys. Rev. B 94, 125409 (2016)]. For fractional quantum Hall states, we predict a substantial discontinuous jump in $V_{\rm max}$ when the system undergoes a transition from a fully spin polarized state to a spin singlet or a partially spin polarized state.Comment: 14 pages, 14 figure

Creating and manipulating non-Abelian anyons in cold atom systems using auxiliary bosons

The possibility of realizing bosonic fractional quantum Hall effect in ultra-cold atomic systems suggests a new route to producing and manipulating anyons, by introducing auxiliary bosons of a different species that capture quasiholes and thus inherit their non-trivial braiding properties. States with localized quasiholes at any desired locations can be obtained by annihilating the auxiliary bosons at those locations. We explore how this method can be used to generate non-Abelian quasiholes of the Moore-Read Pfaffian state for bosons at filling factor $\nu=1$. We show that a Hamiltonian with an appropriate three-body interaction can produce two-quasihole states in two distinct fusion channels of the topological "qubit." Characteristics of these states that are related to the non-Abelian nature can be probed and verified by a measurement of the effective relative angular momentum of the auxiliary bosons, which is directly related to their pair distribution function. Moore-Read states of more than two quasiholes can also be produced in a similar fashion. We investigate some issues related to the experimental feasibility of this approach, in particular, how large the systems should be for a realization of this physics and to what extent this physics carries over to systems with the more standard two-body contact interaction.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figure

Dynamic changes and significance of sputum cells in bronchiolitis

Objective: To observe the cell composition and changes of sputum cells in children with bronchiolitis at different stages of disease, and to explore their role in the pathogenesis of disease. Methods: 75 children hospitalized in 2016 compliance with standard bronchiolitis were selected. The course of the disease was divided into acute attack period, the improvement period and remission period. The levels of sputum cells, such as sputum shedding epithelial cells, neutrophils, eosinophil, lymphocytes and other sputum cells were examined by light microscopy at different stages of acute exacerbation, disease progression and remission. The expression and proportion of cells were compared, and the differences of cell expression and clinical significance were compared. Results: In the early stage of acute bronchiolitis, the sputum cells were mainly neutral and exfoliated epithelium, lymphocytes and eosinophil were small. When the condition improved, the epithelial cells and the neutrophils decreased, while the lymphocytes and allergic family history of children with eosinophil correspondingly increased. During the remission period, neutrophils and sputum shedding epithelium continued to decrease, while the lymphocytes, eosinophil continued to increase. Conclusions: Epithelial cell shedding is a common phenomenon in the acute attack of bronchiolitis, which may be associated with the wheezing symptoms of children. During the acute stage and improvement phase, there is a significant increase in sputum neutrophils attributable to infection. Eosinophilia is associated with anaphylactic individual and family history, and increased eosinophilia is associated with high airway reactivity and prolonged wheezing. Lymphocytes play a role in maintaining chronic airway inflammation