朱子讀書法研究

[[abstract]]本研究旨在探討朱子之讀書法。為獲得完整而正確的了解，一方面從朱子早年的為學 經歷，探討其讀書法之形成過程；一方面從其整體理論，探討其讀書法之思想基礎。 而後歸納朱子對讀書的種種言論，分出倫次。最後則以陸象山和顏習齊的批評，從不 同角度討論朱子論讀書之得失。 朱子讀書法的思想基礎，直接的是格物致知論，而格物致知論是依據性理論提出的修 養方法，性理論又以理氣論為依歸，所以朱子由讀書到論道，有其一貫的體系。 本文分析朱子論讀書法的要點，主要分成二部分：一是通論讀書法；二是有關重要典 籍的閱讀次序及要領。在通論讀書法，朱子論及讀書的原則、心理條件與具體方法。 關於讀書原則，第一個原則便是要從大處著眼，小處著手，而有盡讀古今書藉之意。 第二，讀書的範圍雖廣，但其目的則是以修明心性本體為主旨，因此須以讀切近心性 的書籍為先。第三，讀書所得者為前人的知識，必須經過本身實踐來體驗，所以知行 並進才是真讀書。 其次，朱子論讀書時特別重視讀書的心理條件，強調須專心一志、虛心客觀、著緊用 力、從容寬和，使心靈維持均衡和諧、寬緊適中的狀態，才能發揮心靈的高度功能， 達到讀書的效果。 至於具體的讀書方法，朱子所論大致可分為三個方面，一是理解內容，二是知識的融 合，三是面對疑難的態度。理解內容的要領有五，為（1 ）名義精確，（2 ）層層解 析，（3 ）隨文解義，(4) 周遍細密, (5) 領悟統會。知織融會的方法則為: (1) 諷 誦, (2) 緊記, (3) 熟讀玩味, （4 ）切已體察。面對疑難的態度則為謹慎辨疑，不 可輕疑又不可無疑。 第二部分關於重要經籍閱讀次序及要領，朱子主張首先應讀四書，四書通透後，再讀 五經。四書五經熟透之後，須進一步研讀史書，以便從歷史經驗察識道理之效驗與權 變處。史書之外，諸子百家及一切有益之書皆應閱讀，以求博學多識。至於四書五經 及史傳的閱讀要領，大致不出於前述之原則、心理條件和方法。 朱子之論讀書，原自形上的理氣論，而進入性理論。從讀書而明理，以求性理之全， 是以讀書為方法，以通天人為目的。就讀書的一面來說，對學者提供了許多可以實用 的途經。以歷來論及讀書方法的資料看，朱子實有了比較完備的體系。

[[alternative]]A petri-nets-based flow control approach to instructional softwares

[[abstract]]第一章緒論 第一節研究背景與動機 第二節研究目的 第三節研究步驟 第四節研究範圍與限制 第二章文獻探討 第一節電腦輔助教學之教學模式 第二節系統分析的流向控制圖形描述工具 第三節 Petri nets 理論探討 第三章流向控制分析與設計 第一節教學軟體流向控制之分析 第二節系統設計與規劃 第三節 CPN補救教學結構分析應用實例 第四章 CPN應用之實例 第一節系統使用CPN的製作步驟 第二節系統的實施 第五章結論與建議 第一節結論 第二節建議 參考文獻 附錄一 附錄二 #9303504 #9303504

Environmental impact evaluation model of dam breach — Considering the uncertainty feature of environment

The environmental impact of dam breach has the features of complexity and uncertainty. There is a lack of systematic and comprehensive research on the environmental impact of dam breach in China. Considering such fuzziness of environment evaluation and the lack of precise data, this work chooses the method of multi-index comprehensive evaluation. Targeting to solve the uncertainty problem of weight calculation and evaluation model, this work introduces the statistic cloud theory to calculate the weight and variable fuzzy set theory to evaluate the environmental impact. We select seven environmental impact factors, including channel morphology, vegetation coverage, water and soil environment, biodiversity, human ecology, and industrial pollution, are selected to construct the evaluation index system and construct the value standard of them. The models are applied to the dam of Shaheji Reservoir in China. The results show that the environmental impact degree of the reservoir member an extremely serious grade mostly, reaching 0.589. Compared with the evaluation results already done, the result of the proposed models shows that the models are reasonable and scientific, which provides a new method for environmental impact assessment of dam breach considering the uncertainty feature of the environment.Safety and Security Scienc

袁爽秋研究

[[abstract]]第一章傳略：分兩節。第一節家世，推其遠祖，至其孫輩。第二節生平，略述 一生行事及心境之衍變。 第二章年譜：以資料匱乏，時代太近，未有作之者，乃參考史籍，稽研時事， 試作年譜。作品亦為之繫年。 第三章風格：分兩節。第一節言其詩風及形成背景。第二節詩之分期，以年譜 為經，心境之演變為緯，試分三期，早期雄健，中期綺麗，晚期吉淡。 第四章技巧：試以十種—拗體、用典、示現、比擬、擬人、倒裝、疊字、重出 、實字、虛字。探討其詩之技巧。 第五章交遊：就五位與爽秋交往最深者，以探性情。 第六章袁許三疏真偽辨及其他：分兩節。第一節為二疏作辯證，試以八點，證 實皆爽秋手筆。第二節其他，略述其奏稿、日記、書札及書法。

Asymmetric Sites on the ZnZrO_x Catalyst for Promoting Formate Formation and Transformation in CO₂ Hydrogenation

The role of formate species for CO2 hydrogenation is still under debate. Although formate has been frequently observed and commonly proposed as the possible intermediate, there is no definite evidence for the reaction of formate species for methanol production. Here, formate formation and conversion over the ZnZrOx solid solution catalyst are investigated by in situ/operando diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy-mass spectroscopy (DRIFTS-MS) coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Spectroscopic results show that bidentate carbonate formed from CO2 adsorption is hydrogenated to formate on Zn-O-Zr sites (asymmetric sites), where the Zn site is responsible for H2 activation and the Zr site is beneficial for the stabilization of reaction intermediates. The asymmetric Zn-O-Zr sites with adjacent and inequivalent features on the ZnZrOx catalyst promote not only formate formation but also its transformation. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the origin of the excellent performance of the ZnZrOx catalyst for methanol formation is associated with the H2 heterolytic cleavage promoted by the asymmetric Zn and Zr sites.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.ChemE/Inorganic Systems Engineerin

The dead line for oil and gas and implication for fossil resource prediction

Fossil fuel resources are invaluable to economic growth and social development. Understanding the formation and distribution of fossil fuel resources is critical for the search and exploration of them. Until now, the vertical distribution depth of fossil fuel resources has not been confirmed due to different understandings of their origins and the substantial variation in reservoir depths from basin to basin. Geological and geochemical data of 13 634 source rock samples from 1286 exploration wells in six representative petroliferous basins were examined to identify the maximum burial depth of active source rocks in each basin, which is referred to in this study as the active source rock depth limit (ASDL). Beyond the ASDL, source rocks no longer generate or expel hydrocarbons and become inactive. Therefore, the ASDL also sets the maximum depth for fossil fuel resources. The ASDLs of basins around the world are found to range from 3000 to 16 000 m, while the thermal maturities (Ro) of source rocks at the ASDLs are almost the same, with Ro ≈ 3:5±0:5 %. The Ro of 3.5% can be regarded as a general criterion to identify ASDLs. High heat flow and more oil-prone kerogen are associated with shallow ASDLs. In addition, tectonic uplift of source rocks can significantly affect ASDLs; 21.6 billion tons of reserves in six representative basins in China and 52 926 documented oil and gas reservoirs in 1186 basins around the world are all located above ASDLs, demonstrating the universal presence of ASDLs in petroliferous basins and their control on the vertical distribution of fossil fuel resources. The data used in this study are deposited in the repository of the PANGAEA database at: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.900865 (Pang et al., 2019).Applied Geolog

Prognostic value of tumor mutation burden in non-small cell lung cancer: A Meta-Analysis and system review

Abstract Background: We performed this meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value of tumor mutation burden (TMB) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Tow authors independently searched the studies in PubMed, web of science, Google Scholar, Cochrane library (from inception to November 2019), according to the key words “non-small cell lung cancer”, “tumor mutation burden”, “prognosis”. The studies were set up according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The estimate hazard ratio (HR), odds ratio (OR), risk ratio (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were set as effect measures. All analyses were performed by STATA 12.0. Results:28 studies were involved in this meta-analysis, high TMB was associated with good overall survival (OS) (HR=0.53; 95% CI: 0.42-0.67, p&lt;0.001), progression-free survival (PFS) (HR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.46-0.62, p&lt;0.001), durable clinical benefits (RR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.79-2.89, P&lt;0.001), and object response rate (RR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.80-2.85; p&lt;0.001) in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibits (ICIs). For treated with non-ICIs, poor PFS (HR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.27-2.07, p&lt;0.001) and OS (HR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.30-1.87, p=0.001) was found in high TMB. Compared with chemotherapy, ICIs treatment alone had better OS (HR = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.82, p&lt;0.001) and PFS (HR = 0.64; 95% CI: 0.55 to 0.76, p&lt;0.001) for patients with high TMB, however, for low TMB patients, no benefit was found in ICIs treatment. TMB was correlated with EGFR status (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.08- 0.95; p= 0.040), ECOG score (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.09-2.92; p=0.021) and smoking history (OR = 6.01; 95% CI: 1.28 - 28.13; p=0.023). Conclusions: TMB was associated with better survival in cancer patients receiving immunotherapy, and worse survival in cancer patients receiving non-ICIs. Compared with chemotherapy, ICIs was more effective in high TMB patients, but not in low TMB patients.</jats:p

Scenario-based extreme flood risk of residential buildings and household properties in Shanghai

Extreme flooding usually causes huge losses of residential buildings and household properties, which is critical to flood risk analysis and flood resilience building in Shanghai. We developed a scenario-based multidisciplinary approach to analyze the exposure, losses and risks of residential buildings and household properties, and their spatial patterns at the neighborhood committee level in Shanghai, based on extreme storm flood scenarios of 1/200, 1/500, 1/1000 and 1/5000-year. Our findings show that the inundation area of the residential buildings caused by a 1/200-year storm flood reaches 24.9 km2, and the total loss of residential buildings and household properties is 29.7 billion CNY (Chinese Yuan) (or 4.4 billion USD), while the inundation area of residential buildings and the total loss increases up to 162.4 km2 and 366.0 billion CNY (or 54.2 billion USD), respectively for a 1/5000-year storm flood. The estimated average annual loss (AAL) of residential buildings and household properties for Shanghai is 590 million CNY/year (or 87.4 million USD/year), with several hot spots distributed around the main urban area and on the bank of the Hangzhou Bay. Among sixteen districts, Pudong has the highest exposure and annual expected loss, while the inner city is also subject to extreme flooding with an AAL up to near half of the total. An analysis of flood risk in each of 209 subdistricts/towns finds that those most vulnerable to storm flooding are concentrated in Pudong, Jiading, Baoshan Districts and the inner city. Our work can provide meaningful information for risk-sensitive urban planning and resilience building in Shanghai. The methodology can also be used for risk analysis in other coastal cities facing the threat of storm flooding.Hydraulic Structures and Flood Ris

Temperature-sensing performance of polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics up to 1000 °C

Temperature sensors that can operate in high-temperature and harsh environments are highly desired. However, this is a great challenge for sensing materials to operate under extreme working conditions because of oxidation and/or corrosion at high temperature. In this study, polymer-derived SiAlCN ceramics were prepared as sensing materials to overcome the abovementioned issues. A SiAlCN ceramic temperature sensor was designed and fabricated, and it performed excellent temperature-sensing properties with high accuracy, high stability, and high repeatability up to 1000 °C. Compared with traditional thermocouples, the SiAlCN ceramic sensor exhibited a faster response rate (a shorter response time). These results showed that SiAlCN ceramic is a promising sensor material for temperature measurement in high-temperature and harsh environments.Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository 'You share, we take care!' - Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public.RST/Applied Radiation & Isotope

Moisture source variations for summer rainfall in different intensity classes over Huaihe River Valley, China

Rainfall is one of the most influential climatic factors on regional development and environment, and changes in rainfall intensity are of specific concern. In the Huaihe River Valley (HRV), heavy rainfall is a primary trigger of floods. However, the difference in the origin of moisture contributed to heavy rainfall and light rainfall is rarely studied and not entirely understood. This study analyzes the rainfall moisture sources in association with different categories of rainfall intensity over the HRV during 1980–2018 using the Water Accounting Model with ERA-Interim reanalysis and precipitation observations from China Meteorological Administration. The results show that the moisture for the HRV summer rainfall is mainly from terrestrial subregion (40%), the Indian Ocean (27%), the Pacific Ocean (25%), and the local HRV (8%). In addition, moisture sources differ substantially between light and heavy rainfall. Specifically, the local HRV contributes more moisture to light rainfall (12%) compared to heavy rainfall (4%), whereas the Indian Ocean contributes more to heavy rainfall (33%) than to light rainfall (20%). The grids located in the southern source region make higher contribution ratio in heavy rainfall than in light rainfall. These results suggest that moisture from distant oceanic areas, especially the Indian Ocean, plays a crucial role in intense summer rainfall, whereas moisture from the land sources covering local grids plays a dominant role in light rainfall in the HRV.Water Resource