Analytical Tables of Foreign Trade: Nimexe 1990: E 44-49 Import

Figure S4. Change of T cell phenotype after electroporation, initial stimulation, and re-stimulation. (PDF 1080 kb

The content-centric re-organization of the genetic code.

<p>The content-centric re-organization of the genetic code.</p

Statistical test of randomness between essential and non-essential genes.

<p>Statistical test of randomness between essential and non-essential genes.</p

Variation of GC contents in the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> pan-genome.

<p>Random and nonrandom sequences are examined separately and each dot represents the average of GC content across a specific gene set.</p

Percentage of genes that equally use codons in PDH and PRH.

<p>Percentage of genes that equally use codons in PDH and PRH.</p

Proportion of random sequences in <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>.

<p>Proportion of random sequences in <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>.</p

Length of coding sequences in the <i>E</i>. <i>coli</i> pan-genome.

<p>Random and nonrandom sequences are examined separately and each bar represents the average of sequence length across a specific gene set.</p

Random and non-random clusters based on 8 statistical tests.

<p>Bars are color-coded by different ranges of <i>P</i>-value.</p

Laboratory Evaluation and Mechanistic Understanding of the Impact of Ferric Species on Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Performance

Scale inhibitor chemicals are widely used in oilfield operations for mineral scale control. However, the presence of iron species in oilfield produced water can considerably impair the performance of scale inhibitors. To date, few studies have been conducted to experimentally investigate the mechanism of iron effect on scale inhibitors. Although Fe­(II) is the major form of iron species in oilfield produced water, Fe­(III) can be formed in produced waters due to oxidation of Fe­(II). In this study, Fe­(III) effect on various scale inhibitors was evaluated by examining the inhibitor performance to control barium sulfate (barite) scale formation. This study finds that Fe­(III) can significantly impair the performance of both phosphonate and polymeric inhibitors with an iron concentration below 1 mg L^–1. Moreover, the mechanism of the influence of Fe­(III) on scale inhibitors was studied by investigating the adsorption capacity of ferric hydroxide solid of phosphonate scale inhibitor and also examining the efficacy of the unadsorbed inhibitor in aqueous solution. It can be concluded that the Fe­(III) impact on phosphonate inhibitor is due to the adsorption of inhibitor to the surface of ferric hydroxide solids. Furthermore, two common chelating chemicals (EDTA and citrate) were tested for their effects in reversing the adverse impact of Fe­(III) on scale inhibitor. Experimental results suggest that citrate is more effective than EDTA in reversing the detrimental impact of Fe­(III) despite the fact the EDTA is a stronger chelating agent. The mechanisms of these two chelating chemicals in terms of interacting with Fe­(III) were discussed and compared. This study provides the theoretical basis and technical insights for oilfield iron control to minimize iron impairment on scale inhibitor performance

Phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation.

<p>(A) The phylogenetic tree of the five monocots. The results are 100% supported by the 1,000 bootstraps analysis. (B) Estimation of divergence time. Blue bars indicate 95% confidence intervals.</p