Table_1_Nitrogen Metabolism Disorder Accelerates Occurrence and Development of Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Bioinformatic Analysis and In Vitro Experiments.xls

BackgroundNitrogen metabolism (NM) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and the occurrence and development of cancers. The aim of this study was to construct a prognostic model and nomogram using NM-related genes for the evaluation of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).MethodsThe differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to NM were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Consistent clustering analysis was used to divide them into different modules, and differentially expressed genes and survival analysis were performed. The survival information of patients was combined with the expressing levels of NM-related genes that extracted from TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Subsequently, univariate Cox analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to build a prognostic model. GO and KEGG analysis were elaborated in relation with the mechanisms of NM disorder (NMD). Meanwhile, immune cells and immune functions related to NMD were discussed. A nomogram was built according to the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis to identify independent risk factors. Finally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and Western bolt (WB) were used to verify the expression level of hub genes.ResultsThere were 138 differential NM-related genes that were divided into two gene modules. Sixteen NM-related genes were used to build a prognostic model and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) showed that the efficiency was reliable. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that NMD accelerated development of LUAD through the Wnt signaling pathway. The level of activated dendritic cells (aDCs) and type II interferon response in the low-risk group was higher than that of the high-risk group. A nomogram was constructed based on ABCC2, HMGA2, and TN stages, which was identified as four independent risk factors. Finally, RT-PCR and WB showed that CDH17, IGF2BP1, IGFBP1, ABCC2, and HMGA2 were differently expressed between human lung fibroblast (HLF) cells and cancer cells.ConclusionsHigh NM levels were revealed as a poor prognosis of LUAD. NMD regulates immune system through affecting aDCs and type II interferon response. The prognostic model with NM-related genes could be used to effectively evaluate the outcomes of patients.</p

Data_Sheet_1_The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.PDF

ObjectiveCarcinoid syndrome (CS) commonly results from neuroendocrine tumors. While active substances are recognized as the main causes of the typical symptoms such as diarrhea and skin flush, the cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS remains unclear.MethodsThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) related to gut microbiota abundance and CS were obtained from the GWAS summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS. Additionally, the MR-Egger, Weighted Median model, and Weighted model were employed as supplementary approaches. The heterogeneity function of the TwoSampleMR package was utilized to assess whether SNPs exhibit heterogeneity. The Egger intercept and Presso test were used to assess whether SNPs exhibit pleiotropy. The Leave-One-Out test was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SNPs. The Steiger test was utilized to examine whether SNPs have a reverse causal relationship. A bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to elucidate the inferred cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS.ResultsThe IVW results indicated a causal relationship between 6 gut microbiota taxa and CS. Among the 6 gut microbiota taxa, the genus Anaerofilum (IVW OR: 0.3606, 95%CI: 0.1554–0.8367, p-value: 0.0175) exhibited a protective effect against CS. On the other hand, the family Coriobacteriaceae (IVW OR: 3.4572, 95%CI: 1.0571–11.3066, p-value: 0.0402), the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW OR: 4.2496, 95%CI: 1.3314–13.5640, p-value: 0.0146), the genus Ruminiclostridium6 (IVW OR: 4.0116, 95%CI: 1.2711–12.6604, p-value: 0.0178), the genus Veillonella (IVW OR: 3.7023, 95%CI: 1.0155–13.4980, p-value: 0.0473) and genus Holdemanella (IVW OR: 2.2400, 95%CI: 1.0376–4.8358, p-value: 0.0400) demonstrated a detrimental effect on CS. The CS was not found to have a reverse causal relationship with the above 6 gut microbiota taxa.ConclusionSix microbiota taxa were found to have a causal relationship with CS, and further randomized controlled trials are needed for verification.</p

Table_2_Nitrogen Metabolism Disorder Accelerates Occurrence and Development of Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Bioinformatic Analysis and In Vitro Experiments.xls

BackgroundNitrogen metabolism (NM) plays a pivotal role in immune regulation and the occurrence and development of cancers. The aim of this study was to construct a prognostic model and nomogram using NM-related genes for the evaluation of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).MethodsThe differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to NM were acquired from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Consistent clustering analysis was used to divide them into different modules, and differentially expressed genes and survival analysis were performed. The survival information of patients was combined with the expressing levels of NM-related genes that extracted from TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. Subsequently, univariate Cox analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to build a prognostic model. GO and KEGG analysis were elaborated in relation with the mechanisms of NM disorder (NMD). Meanwhile, immune cells and immune functions related to NMD were discussed. A nomogram was built according to the univariate and multivariate Cox analysis to identify independent risk factors. Finally, real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (RT-PCR) and Western bolt (WB) were used to verify the expression level of hub genes.ResultsThere were 138 differential NM-related genes that were divided into two gene modules. Sixteen NM-related genes were used to build a prognostic model and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) showed that the efficiency was reliable. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that NMD accelerated development of LUAD through the Wnt signaling pathway. The level of activated dendritic cells (aDCs) and type II interferon response in the low-risk group was higher than that of the high-risk group. A nomogram was constructed based on ABCC2, HMGA2, and TN stages, which was identified as four independent risk factors. Finally, RT-PCR and WB showed that CDH17, IGF2BP1, IGFBP1, ABCC2, and HMGA2 were differently expressed between human lung fibroblast (HLF) cells and cancer cells.ConclusionsHigh NM levels were revealed as a poor prognosis of LUAD. NMD regulates immune system through affecting aDCs and type II interferon response. The prognostic model with NM-related genes could be used to effectively evaluate the outcomes of patients.</p

Reconfiguring Self-Assembly of Photoresponsive Hybrid Colloids

The reconfigurable self-assembly of colloidal particles allows the bottom-up creation of adaptive materials, yet significant challenges remain. Here, we demonstrate a synthesis of photoresponsive Fe2O3/polysiloxane hybrid colloids that perform a dynamically reconfigurable self-assembly. Such self-assembly is due to chemical gradients originating from the decomposition of H2O2 by the Fe2O3 component under UV irradiation. The morphology of the self-assembly includes chains and flower-structures, where the chains can be transformed in situ into flower-like structures with decreasing UV intensity. The flower-structures can be further switched by applying an external magnetic field, leading to orientationally ordered clusters. This, interestingly, leads to an asymmetrical chemical gradient surrounding the assemblies, and transforms the cluster into a micromotor exhibiting a self-propulsion steerable by the magnetic field. Our findings demonstrate a new possibility to control and reconfigure the self-assembly of colloids, which offers an important pathway for fabrications of adaptive and smart materials at the microscale

Table_4_The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.XLS

ObjectiveCarcinoid syndrome (CS) commonly results from neuroendocrine tumors. While active substances are recognized as the main causes of the typical symptoms such as diarrhea and skin flush, the cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS remains unclear.MethodsThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) related to gut microbiota abundance and CS were obtained from the GWAS summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS. Additionally, the MR-Egger, Weighted Median model, and Weighted model were employed as supplementary approaches. The heterogeneity function of the TwoSampleMR package was utilized to assess whether SNPs exhibit heterogeneity. The Egger intercept and Presso test were used to assess whether SNPs exhibit pleiotropy. The Leave-One-Out test was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SNPs. The Steiger test was utilized to examine whether SNPs have a reverse causal relationship. A bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to elucidate the inferred cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS.ResultsThe IVW results indicated a causal relationship between 6 gut microbiota taxa and CS. Among the 6 gut microbiota taxa, the genus Anaerofilum (IVW OR: 0.3606, 95%CI: 0.1554–0.8367, p-value: 0.0175) exhibited a protective effect against CS. On the other hand, the family Coriobacteriaceae (IVW OR: 3.4572, 95%CI: 1.0571–11.3066, p-value: 0.0402), the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW OR: 4.2496, 95%CI: 1.3314–13.5640, p-value: 0.0146), the genus Ruminiclostridium6 (IVW OR: 4.0116, 95%CI: 1.2711–12.6604, p-value: 0.0178), the genus Veillonella (IVW OR: 3.7023, 95%CI: 1.0155–13.4980, p-value: 0.0473) and genus Holdemanella (IVW OR: 2.2400, 95%CI: 1.0376–4.8358, p-value: 0.0400) demonstrated a detrimental effect on CS. The CS was not found to have a reverse causal relationship with the above 6 gut microbiota taxa.ConclusionSix microbiota taxa were found to have a causal relationship with CS, and further randomized controlled trials are needed for verification.</p

Data_Sheet_2_The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.PDF

ObjectiveCarcinoid syndrome (CS) commonly results from neuroendocrine tumors. While active substances are recognized as the main causes of the typical symptoms such as diarrhea and skin flush, the cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS remains unclear.MethodsThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) related to gut microbiota abundance and CS were obtained from the GWAS summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS. Additionally, the MR-Egger, Weighted Median model, and Weighted model were employed as supplementary approaches. The heterogeneity function of the TwoSampleMR package was utilized to assess whether SNPs exhibit heterogeneity. The Egger intercept and Presso test were used to assess whether SNPs exhibit pleiotropy. The Leave-One-Out test was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SNPs. The Steiger test was utilized to examine whether SNPs have a reverse causal relationship. A bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to elucidate the inferred cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS.ResultsThe IVW results indicated a causal relationship between 6 gut microbiota taxa and CS. Among the 6 gut microbiota taxa, the genus Anaerofilum (IVW OR: 0.3606, 95%CI: 0.1554–0.8367, p-value: 0.0175) exhibited a protective effect against CS. On the other hand, the family Coriobacteriaceae (IVW OR: 3.4572, 95%CI: 1.0571–11.3066, p-value: 0.0402), the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW OR: 4.2496, 95%CI: 1.3314–13.5640, p-value: 0.0146), the genus Ruminiclostridium6 (IVW OR: 4.0116, 95%CI: 1.2711–12.6604, p-value: 0.0178), the genus Veillonella (IVW OR: 3.7023, 95%CI: 1.0155–13.4980, p-value: 0.0473) and genus Holdemanella (IVW OR: 2.2400, 95%CI: 1.0376–4.8358, p-value: 0.0400) demonstrated a detrimental effect on CS. The CS was not found to have a reverse causal relationship with the above 6 gut microbiota taxa.ConclusionSix microbiota taxa were found to have a causal relationship with CS, and further randomized controlled trials are needed for verification.</p

Motor and Rotor in One: Light-Active ZnO/Au Twinned Rods of Tunable Motion Modes

Precise control of the motion of micromachines is the key to achieving their functions for practical applications. The main challenge is that a given micromachine can typically exhibit only one motion mode, i.e., translation or rotation, while having multiple modes of motion resulting from a simple actuation is still rare. Here we designed and synthesized photochemically powered zinc oxide/gold (ZnO/Au) rods that exhibit multiple motion modes. Under homogeneous UV irradiation, these ZnO/Au rods undergo a transition from ballistic motion to persistent rotational motion upon increasing the fuel concentration or the light intensity. In addition, the rods can switch modes from a circular motion to a helical motion and then a straight-line motion by tuning the angle of incident light. We envision that such attractive colloidal micromachines with controllable motions hold considerable promise for diverse practical applications

Synthesis of Rod-Shaped ZnO/Polysiloxane Micromotors with Patch-Dependent Motion Modes

Inorganic particles with photocatalytic properties are excellent candidates for the fabrication of micromotors. To achieve self-propulsion, the geometric and chemical symmetries of inorganic particles should be broken. However, the synthesis of micromotors with different geometric and chemical symmetries remains challenging. In this paper, a simple synthesis method is proposed to prepare rod-shaped micromotors with different patches, leading to distinct geometric and chemical symmetries. The micromotors are composed of zinc oxide (ZnO) microrods partially patched with polysiloxanes at different positions. The patches of the micromotors can be roughly regulated by varying the amount of siloxanes used in the synthesis. These micromotors are propelled in H2O2 solution by an ionic self-diffusiophoresis mechanism, which exhibits two motion modes, including linear motion and circular motion, due to different patch positions. Moreover, the degradation of organic dyes by the micromotors depending on the patches is demonstrated

Reconfiguring Self-Assembly of Photoresponsive Hybrid Colloids

The reconfigurable self-assembly of colloidal particles allows the bottom-up creation of adaptive materials, yet significant challenges remain. Here, we demonstrate a synthesis of photoresponsive Fe2O3/polysiloxane hybrid colloids that perform a dynamically reconfigurable self-assembly. Such self-assembly is due to chemical gradients originating from the decomposition of H2O2 by the Fe2O3 component under UV irradiation. The morphology of the self-assembly includes chains and flower-structures, where the chains can be transformed in situ into flower-like structures with decreasing UV intensity. The flower-structures can be further switched by applying an external magnetic field, leading to orientationally ordered clusters. This, interestingly, leads to an asymmetrical chemical gradient surrounding the assemblies, and transforms the cluster into a micromotor exhibiting a self-propulsion steerable by the magnetic field. Our findings demonstrate a new possibility to control and reconfigure the self-assembly of colloids, which offers an important pathway for fabrications of adaptive and smart materials at the microscale

Table_2_The cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and carcinoid syndrome: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study.XLS

ObjectiveCarcinoid syndrome (CS) commonly results from neuroendocrine tumors. While active substances are recognized as the main causes of the typical symptoms such as diarrhea and skin flush, the cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS remains unclear.MethodsThe Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) related to gut microbiota abundance and CS were obtained from the GWAS summary data. The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method was used to assess the causal relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS. Additionally, the MR-Egger, Weighted Median model, and Weighted model were employed as supplementary approaches. The heterogeneity function of the TwoSampleMR package was utilized to assess whether SNPs exhibit heterogeneity. The Egger intercept and Presso test were used to assess whether SNPs exhibit pleiotropy. The Leave-One-Out test was employed to evaluate the sensitivity of SNPs. The Steiger test was utilized to examine whether SNPs have a reverse causal relationship. A bidirectional mendelian randomization (MR) study was conducted to elucidate the inferred cause-and-effect relationship between gut microbiota abundance and CS.ResultsThe IVW results indicated a causal relationship between 6 gut microbiota taxa and CS. Among the 6 gut microbiota taxa, the genus Anaerofilum (IVW OR: 0.3606, 95%CI: 0.1554–0.8367, p-value: 0.0175) exhibited a protective effect against CS. On the other hand, the family Coriobacteriaceae (IVW OR: 3.4572, 95%CI: 1.0571–11.3066, p-value: 0.0402), the genus Enterorhabdus (IVW OR: 4.2496, 95%CI: 1.3314–13.5640, p-value: 0.0146), the genus Ruminiclostridium6 (IVW OR: 4.0116, 95%CI: 1.2711–12.6604, p-value: 0.0178), the genus Veillonella (IVW OR: 3.7023, 95%CI: 1.0155–13.4980, p-value: 0.0473) and genus Holdemanella (IVW OR: 2.2400, 95%CI: 1.0376–4.8358, p-value: 0.0400) demonstrated a detrimental effect on CS. The CS was not found to have a reverse causal relationship with the above 6 gut microbiota taxa.ConclusionSix microbiota taxa were found to have a causal relationship with CS, and further randomized controlled trials are needed for verification.</p