The Impact of Multimedia Education on Knowledge and Self-efficacy among Parents of Children with Asthma: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Introduction: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases among children, and is considered as a global health problem. According to the guidelines of childhood Asthma, parental education in order to improve their knowledge and self-efficacy should be considered in clinical care. Therefore, this study was performed with the purpose of investigating the influence of multimedia education on knowledge and self-efficacy among parents of children with Asthma. Methods: This study is a clinical trial which was carried out on 50 parents of children with Asthma. Three instruments, i.e. demographic information, assessing knowledge and self-efficacy among parents of children were administrated to collect the required data sets. Reliability and validity of the instruments were assessed and the multimedia education was carried out for the experimental group. Data analysis was done using SPSS 13 and descriptive inferential statistical tests (independent t-test and Mann-Whitney). Results: History of Asthma was present in majority 52% among families of the children and 54% reported smoking in their home. The average scores of knowledge and self-efficacy in the experimental group showed an increase after multimedia education methods, so that there was a statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study also demonstrate that educating parents through multimedia technology increase their knowledge and self–efficacy in their care of children

Personal, family and societal educational needs assessment of individuals with spinal cord injury in Iran

Objectives: To explore individuals’ perception of the personal, family and societal educational needs following a spinal cord injury. Methods: Sixty-one patients who sustained a traumatic SCI between March 2015 and June 2016 referred to Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center were included in a cross sectional study and completed an online survey containing open-and closed-ended questions, in Iran. Participants’ responses were analyzed i using a qualitative approach with a thematic analysis. Results: Following a thematic analysis of the patient’s perceived educational needs, 3 themes and 14 subthemes were identified. The 3 themes included personal, family, and societal educational perceived needs. Within personal educational needs, there were 7 subthemes which included personal independence and transportation, financial independence, life skills modification, knowledge about SCI, prevention of SCI complications, relationships and sexual function, and psychological adjustments. Among family educational needs, the 3 subthemes were caregiver skills and communication, first aid and emergency skills, and emotional and psychological support. For societal educational needs, the 4 subthemes described were social integration, interpersonal communication skills, SCI awareness and injury prevention, sympathize while avoiding pity. Conclusion: According to our findings, people with SCI have various needs that need to be addressed. Educational support should be a part of a comprehensive rehabilitation program and geared towards addressing the patients’ personal and family needs, while educating the community about SCI in order to allow for reintegration into society

Response of warm and cold clouds to prognostic volcanic aerosols simulated with ICON-ART

Wolken bedecken große Teile der Erde und beeinflussen den Strahlungsenergiehaushalt der Erde und den globalen Wasserkreislauf. Was wir in der Atmosphäre beobachten, ist eine Kombination verschiedener Arten von Wolken, die sich auf unterschiedliche Weise bilden. Die Wolkenbildung wird in erster Linie durch die atmosphärische Dynamik beeinflusst, aber die Anwesenheit von Aerosolen ist notwendig, um den Prozess der Wolkenbildung, denn in einer aerosolfreien Atmosphäre muss die Übersättigung auf 300 Prozent ansteigen, damit sich Wolken bilden können. Der Einfluss der Aerosole auf die Wolken endet jedoch nicht in diesem Stadium. Da sie als Wolkenkondensationskerne (CCN) und Eiskeimteilchen (INPs) wirken, kann jede Störung die mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der Wolke verändern. Das Ausmaß und die Qualität des Einflusses von Aerosolen auf die Wolkenbildung ist jedoch eine der wichtigsten offenen Fragen der Klimawissenschaft. Vulkanausbrüche, die reichhaltige Quellen verschiedener chemischer Verbindungen in der Atmosphäre sind, können dazu beitragen, die Auswirkungen von Aerosolen auf Wolken besser zu verstehen, da sie natürliche Laboratorien mit lokal hohen Aerosolbedingungen neben einer ungestörten Umgebung darstellen. In dieser Arbeit habe ich numerisch untersucht, wie die mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften von Wolken auf eine vulkanisch gestörte Umgebung reagieren. Um die Mikrophysik von Vulkanwolken, die sich direkt in der Vulkanfahne, sowie von meteorologischen Wolken, die durch mittel- oder weiträumig transportierte vulkanische Aerosol beeinflusst werden, genau zu simulieren, sind aerosolspezifische Beschreibungen der Effizienz von CCN und verschiedenen INPs erforderlich. Darüber hinaus wird ein Eiskeimbildungsschema benötigt, das die Konkurrenz zwischen homogener und heterogener Eiskeimbildung, INP-Verarmung und Regentropfengefrieren berücksichtigt, um die Bedeutung dieser Prozesse in verschiedenen Eis- und Mischphasenwolkenregimen zu bewerten. Das Modell ICON-ART (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic - Aerosols and Reactive Trace gases) erfüllt diese Anforderungen, wobei hochauflösende Simulationen mit einem umfassenden wolkenmikrophysikalischen Zwei-Momenten-Schema für flüssiges Wasser und Eis sowie das Aerosolmodul die Untersuchung des Einflusses vulkanischer Aerosole auf Wolken ermöglichen. Um die Auswirkungen vulkanischer Aerosole auf die Wolken zu bewerten, habe ich daher das Modell ICON-ART verwendet und zwei Vulkanausbrüche simuliert, die sich hinsichtlich der emittierten Substanzen und der Standorte unterscheiden: den Ausbruch des Holuhraun 2014 und den Ausbruch von La Soufrière 2021. Bei ersterem handelt es sich um einen isländischen Vulkan, der hauptsächlich Schwefeldioxid ($\mathrm{SO_2}$) ausstieß, während der zweite Ausbruch auf der Karibikinsel Saint Vincent stattfand und eine aschereiche Eruption darstellte. Schwefelsäure ist ein Vorläufergas, das bei der Reaktion von Schwefeldioxid mit OH-Radikalen in Gegenwart von Wasserdampf entsteht. Sie kann dann neue Partikel wie Sulfatpartikel bilden. Sulfatpartikel wirken als CCN, so dass der Holuhraun-Fall ein geeigneter Fall ist, um die Auswirkungen eines Vulkanausbruchs auf die warmen Wolkenprozesse und das Mischphasenregime zu untersuchen, die durch die Änderungen der Anzahlkonzentration von Wolkentröpfchen beeinflusst werden können. Der Ausbruch von La Soufrière hingegen ist ein geeigneter Fall, um den Wettbewerb zwischen homogener und heterogener Eisbildung zu untersuchen, da es sich um eine aschereiche Eruption handelt, bei der Asche als Eiskeimteilchen (INPs) fungieren kann. Im Holuhraun-Fall zeigten die Ergebnisse einen signifikanten Anstieg sowohl der Massen- als auch der Anzahlkonzentration von Wolkentröpfchen und eine Abnahme ihrer Größe, was zu einer Verringerung der Autokonversions- und Akkretionsprozesse führte. Die Verringerung der Autokonversion und der Akkretion führte wiederum zu einer Abnahme der Masse- und Anzahlkonzentration der Regentropfen in den warmen Wolken. Im Fall von La Soufrière wurden jedoch keine derartigen Ergebnisse beobachtet, und wir konnten keine signifikanten Auswirkungen vulkanischer Aerosole auf warme Wolken feststellen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch, dass die Anzahl der Eis- und Schneekonzentrationen in Gegenwart von Vulkanasche abnahm, da homogenes Gefrieren in Gegenwart von heterogenem Gefrieren abnahm. Für beide Fälle wurde das Verhalten von Graupel untersucht, aber die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sein Verhalten keinem bestimmten Pfad folgt, da seine Bildung von den Riming- und Regengefrierprozessen abhängt, die wiederum stark von der Größe der Wolkentröpfchen, Regentropfen, Eis und Schnee beeinflusst werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass die Aktivierung von Mixed-Mode-Aerosolen als CCN ebenfalls eine Abnahme der Anzahl von Wolkentröpfchen und eine Zunahme von Regen und Graupel bewirkt

Sensitivity to Antibiotics of Bacteria Exposed to Gamma Radiation Emitted from Hot Soils of the High Background Radiation Areas of Ramsar, Northern Iran

Background: Over the past several years our laboratories have investigated different aspects of the challenging issue of the alterations in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics induced by physical stresses. Objective: To explore the bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics in samples of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae after exposure to gamma radiation emitted from the soil samples taken from the high background radiation areas of Ramsar, northern Iran. Methods: Standard Kirby-Bauer test, which evaluates the size of the zone of inhibition as an indicator of the susceptibility of different bacteria to antibiotics, was used in this study. Results: The maximum alteration of the diameter of inhibition zone was found for K. pneumoniae when tested for ciprofloxacin. In this case, the mean diameter of no growth zone in non-irradiated control samples of K. pneumoniae was 20.3 (SD 0.6) mm; it was 14.7 (SD 0.6) mm in irradiated samples. On the other hand, the minimum changes in the diameter of inhibition zone were found for S. typhimurium and S. aureus when these bacteria were tested for nitrofurantoin and cephalexin, respectively. Conclusion: Gamma rays were capable of making significant alterations in bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics. It can be hypothesized that high levels of natural background radiation can induce adaptive phenomena that help microorganisms better cope with lethal effects of antibiotics

Comparison of peer led and teacher led oral health educational program among students

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Peer-Led Education (PLE)comparing with the Teacher-led education(TLE) approach about oral health behavior of female school- student aged at 6-12 in district 6 of Tehran, Iran. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study. Two primary public schools in Tehran district 6, were selected by simple random sampling and from each school one class considered for PLE and TLE. 120 fourth grade female students of the 6th district of Tehran were enrolled for study. All participants were assessed about knowledge, attitude, and practice in oral health by Pre-test one month before the intervention program. A valid questionnaire in Persin version used for data gathering. Two representatives including teacher and students from both groups trained under the supervision of a health educator. In PLE each of the six students trained 10 other students in the middle of the day per three consecutive sessions. In TLE one teacher trained one class with about 30students. Both education program set up at the same time and duration. The educational materials included educational short films, animation, and booklet powered driven by Oral Health Burea, Iran health ministry. Apart from, the intervention included role play and storytelling too. The evaluation had done by post-test with the same tool one month later after the intervention. Results: The average mean score of the knowledge, attitude, and practice in both group after educational intervention significantly increased (P<0.05).The mean score of knowledge, attitude, and practice in PLE have been effective than TLE. Conclusion: Health education with peer education approach is effective in improving oral health behavior in children at school age

Evaluation and Improvement of the Effective Factors on Interaction in Urban Space with Emphasize on Children’s Presence: Case Study of Sanandaj

These days, the compatibility of the urban spaces and the needs of the residents found an especial importance by developing cities and urban spaces. The urban developing experts emphasize on the role of urban spaces in neighborhood scale in creating the social and personal needs; therefore, the presented research attended to evaluate the case study (Ghalechaharlan neighborhood Sanandaj) for developing the interaction in the urban space with emphasizes on children’s needs. The theoretical bases of the research have been taken from scientists’ theories in different urban and regional, economic, social areas. For facility, the research’s evaluating model has a whole goal of two criteria: physical and nonphysical, six sub-criteria: neighborhood context, open space, the existent elements in the space, the management characteristics, social and psychological. The research type is application. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. The method for gathering the data is done as executive, completing the questionnaires of parents, children and authorities. For evaluating the data, the SPSS software, Chi-square independent test and student T-test by utilizing two hypotheses (H0, H1) was used. In this research 149 questioners were filled. Finding showed that Chi-Square=12.506; that is, there is relationship between children’s interaction (move in the space) and the housing type. And t=21.685 cleared that the children’s satisfaction from physical characteristics of Ghalechaharlan Neighborhood space is more than non-physical characteristics. Finally, according to the codified model, the presented research attended to the presented ways for improving the quality of child-like environment and children’s social interaction development

Evaluation and Improvement of the Effective Factors on Interaction in Urban Space with Emphasize on Children’s Presence: Case Study of Sanandaj

These days, the compatibility of the urban spaces and the needs of the residents found an especial importance by developing cities and urban spaces. The urban developing experts emphasize on the role of urban spaces in neighborhood scale in creating the social and personal needs; therefore, the presented research attended to evaluate the case study (Ghalechaharlan neighborhood Sanandaj) for developing the interaction in the urban space with emphasizes on children’s needs. The theoretical bases of the research have been taken from scientists’ theories in different urban and regional, economic, social areas. For facility, the research’s evaluating model has a whole goal of two criteria: physical and nonphysical, six sub-criteria: neighborhood context, open space, the existent elements in the space, the management characteristics, social and psychological. The research type is application. The methodology is descriptive-analytical. The method for gathering the data is done as executive, completing the questionnaires of parents, children and authorities. For evaluating the data, the SPSS software, Chi-square independent test and student T-test by utilizing two hypotheses (H0, H1) was used. In this research 149 questioners were filled. Finding showed that Chi-Square=12.506; that is, there is relationship between children’s interaction (move in the space) and the housing type. And t=21.685 cleared that the children’s satisfaction from physical characteristics of Ghalechaharlan Neighborhood space is more than non-physical characteristics. Finally, according to the codified model, the presented research attended to the presented ways for improving the quality of child-like environment and children’s social interaction development

Identifying components of international social cataloging sites to present criteria for native model

Abstract The purpose of this article is to provide criteria for native model of social cataloging sites based on the world\u27s most visited, popular social cataloging site\u27s components. Social cataloging sites are a kind of web-based social media that allows users to interact. This is an applied research and the research method is library and descriptive scrolling. First, by reviewing the scientific literature and resources, a list consists of 14 criteria which included 73 extracted components, then finalized in Delphi and evaluated was used. The community studied also includes three social cataloging sites, which have the most visitors on the Alexa ranking. The results of this study showed that the total score for the fourteen criteria considered in this study was173/31points. The average of observance of criteria in all social cataloging sites(58.10%)is above the average and is in a favorable situation. Goodreads ranked first among the sites listed in the study list with 46 points(63.01%).after that LT is ranked second by the score of45points(61.64%) and anobi reached third rank with36.25points(49.65). All of the components examined in this study are important and the search facilities with an average of 9.70have the highest importance and error messages with an average of9.24are ranked second