A Study of Reading Comprehension and Receptive Vocabulary Retention Using the Electronic Glossing Sandwich Approach

Abstract The present research deals with the English as second language apprentices’ reading comprehension and receptive linguistic retention using the sandwich approach for the first language and making the way of communication simple by the use of electronic glossing in the education sector of Pakistan. The leading objectives of the article were to explore whether the learners who have approach to electronic glosses have better reading scores than the ones who have no access to electronic glosses in an ESL classroom and to investigate whether the learners who have access to electronic glosses have a higher vocabulary than the ones who have no access to electronic glosses in an ESL classroom. A quantitative research method was adopted to carry out this research. The data was collected from 40 students at a private school in Rawalpindi with different socio-economic backgrounds. The collected data was analyzed by three different analyses of variance (ANOVA) conducted to get the results of reading comprehension of the students followed by instant vocabulary test, and delayed vocabulary test. Moreover, four univariate analyses of the covariate (ANCOVAs) were introduced to examine the hypotheses using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-24) software. The results of present study demonstrated the benefits of the electronic glossing in ESL classroom. The use of electronic glossing should not be neglected while learning English as second language in the private education sector of Pakistan, where direct method is used for teaching English as second language

How Social Support and Foreign Language Anxiety Impact Willingness to Communicate in English in an EFL Classroom

This study investigates the impact of social support and foreign language anxiety (FLA) on learners&amp;rsquo; willingness to communicate (WTC) in English (L2) inside the classroom in an EFL context of Pakistan. The study administered adapted questionnaires on willingness to communicate (WTC), social support and foreign language anxiety (FLA) to 200 undergraduates of University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. To analyse the data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in the SPSS. The findings on the social support revealed that father&amp;rsquo;s support, teachers&amp;rsquo; support, best friends&amp;rsquo; support, and other friends&amp;rsquo; support exerted impact on learners&amp;rsquo; L2 WTC. Additionally, anxiety also negatively and significantly predicted L2 WTC with a medium effect size (f2 = .26). These findings signify that provision of social support and means to minimize L2 anxiety can help L2 learners enhance their volitional readiness for L2 communication. The findings of this study have implications for EFL classroom participation in the target language and offer an insight for the policy and planning for the use of English language in an EFL context.</jats:p

Exploring Spelling Errors in Extemporaneous Essays: A Case Study of Pakistani University EFL Learners

Spelling competence is an integral part of a good written communication in English. EFL learners,nonetheless, face difficulties in spelling correctly. This study explored the spelling errors of EFL university students in Baluchistan - Pakistan. With a qualitative case study research design, the data were obtained through extemporaneously written essays by a sample of 117 participants analyzing spelling errors through Cook’s (1997) taxonomy focusing the most common types of English spelling errors. The findings ranked four types of spelling errors as: first, omission (37.24percent); second,substitution (31.01percent); third, insertion (25percent); and fourth, transposition (07percent) errors in order of occurrence. The study suggests to pedagogical and curriculum considerations to support learners to cope with spelling errors with a further need to study spelling errors in changing and technology enhanced learning environments.</jats:p

Regenerative Dentistry in Pakistan: Awareness, Challenges, and Advancements among General Dental Practitioners and Specialists

Abstract Objective Regenerative dentistry has developed a revolutionary advancement in dentistry worldwide. However, significant research still needs to be taken to overcome the challenges in Pakistan. The objective of this study is to evaluate the understanding of general and specialist dentists toward different grafts and their resources during surgical procedures. Materials and Methods A questionnaire was disseminated for our survey-based study, emailed the soft copy, and distributed the hard copies among 400 general dental practitioners (GDPs) and specialists throughout Pakistan to evaluate the types of grafts used to cover bone or soft tissue defects. Out of 400 GDPs and dental specialists, 200 participants returned the completed questionnaires. Results Nearly 200 dental surgeons participated from different regions of Pakistan. Most of the GDPs and specialists in Pakistan are not well aware of tissue-engineered grafts and their role in dentistry. The frequency of utilizing a patient's oral fibroblast to generate the collagen is 5.5%. Most of the GDPs are not aware of the resource of bony spicules if utilized which is 49.5%. Consequently, the use of regenerated tissue (oral) grafts is significantly overlooked in Pakistan (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion Tissue engineering is an extremely encouraging area of reparative biology that attracts the latest innovation in maxillofacial surgery, oral pathology, implantology, cellular and molecular biology, chemistry, and physiology.</jats:p

Motives and Role of Religiosity towards Consumer Purchase Behavior in Western Imported Food Products

The undertaken study examines the influence of the marketing mix, consumer attributes, and the role of religiosity towards consumer purchase behavior regarding western imported food products in Pakistan. The study has used the theory of planned behaviors as underpinning foundations for testing factors. In total, 1080 respondents from eight cities in Pakistan—Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Quetta, Peshawar, Hyderabad, Larkana, and Faisalabad—were part of this study. Path analysis performed through SEM (structural equation modeling). The result unveiled that product attributes, price, self-concept, brand trust, personality, and religiosity positively correlated with consumer’s purchase intention in a Muslim country. The result of this study will also help potential future candidates for the food industry, especially those aimed at using the Asian consumer market. The penetration of western imported food may also bring convergence where the nation can feel upgraded and privileged. The study also adds to the academic literature on Muslim consumer behavior by combining numerous factors on a single model, grounded in the theory of planned behavior. Limited study has analyzed religiosity and other factors in context with a Muslim majority population. This study is a preliminary effort to understand the Muslim consumer food purchase behavior inadequately investigated by the consumer researcher.</jats:p

Motives and role of religiosity towards consumer purchase behavior in western imported food products

The undertaken study examines the influence of the marketing mix, consumer attributes, and the role of religiosity towards consumer purchase behavior regarding western imported food products in Pakistan. The study has used the theory of planned behaviors as underpinning foundations for testing factors. In total, 1080 respondents from eight cities in Pakistan—Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Quetta, Peshawar, Hyderabad, Larkana, and Faisalabad—were part of this study. Path analysis performed through SEM (structural equation modeling). The result unveiled that product attributes, price, self-concept, brand trust, personality, and religiosity positively correlated with consumer’s purchase intention in a Muslim country. The result of this study will also help potential future candidates for the food industry, especially those aimed at using the Asian consumer market. The penetration of western imported food may also bring convergence where the nation can feel upgraded and privileged. The study also adds to the academic literature on Muslim consumer behavior by combining numerous factors on a single model, grounded in the theory of planned behavior. Limited study has analyzed religiosity and other factors in context with a Muslim majority population. This study is a preliminary effort to understand the Muslim consumer food purchase behavior inadequately investigated by the consumer researcher