Minimal data set.

Individual data points for graphs and figures in this research. (XLSX)</p

Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured under ES with a different frequency for 1 and 3 days in vitro.

(*, p < 0.05, n = 4).</p

Proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured under IGF + ES combined treatment for 1, 3, 7 days in vitro.

(*, p < 0.05, n = 4).</p

Morphology of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured under the ES+IGF combined treatment for 1 day in vitro.

All scale bar lengths are 100 μm.</p

In vitro RUNX2 and OPN protein expression of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured for 7 d.

<p>All scale bar lengths are 100 μm.</p

Combined treatment with electrical stimulation and insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes bone regeneration in vitro - Fig 7

<p>(a) ALP activity quantitative analysis by a pNPP assay at 7 d and 14 d. (*, p < 0.05, n = 4). ALP activity staining in the (b) IGF (50 ng/ml), (c) IGF (100 ng/ml), (d) IGF (200 ng/ml), (e) ES+IGF (50 ng/ml), (f) ES+IGF (100 ng/ml), (g) ES+IGF (200 ng/ml), and (h) control groups at 14 days. All scale bar lengths are 200 μm.</p

List of genes and the primer nucleotide sequences.

<p>List of genes and the primer nucleotide sequences.</p

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the osteogenesis-related gene expression of RUNX2 (A), OPN (B) and Col I (C) after MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured for 7 days.

<p>(*, p < 0.05, n = 4).</p

Set-up of electrical stimulation.

<p>L-shaped platinum electrodes are connecting to a power supply and delivering electrical stimulation to the cells.</p