The specimens used for phylogenetic analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA gene.

<p>The specimens used for phylogenetic analysis of 28S ribosomal RNA gene.</p

<i>COI</i> gene sequence data analysis of the five unnamed <i>Sclerodermus</i> sp. together with that of the three known species.

<p><i>Sg</i>: <i>Sclerodermus guani</i>; <i>Ss</i>: <i>Sclerodermus sichuanensis</i>; <i>Sp</i>: <i>Sclerodermus pupariae</i>; Nos. 1 to 5: <i>Sclerodermus</i> spp. (Nos. 1–5)</p><p><i>COI</i> gene sequence data analysis of the five unnamed <i>Sclerodermus</i> sp. together with that of the three known species.</p

The 28S phylogeny of Bethylidae.

<p>The tree was derived using the maximum likelihood method.</p

Neighbor-joining tree for the 28S of the sibling species of the genus <i>Sclerodermus</i> developed using Kimura-2-parameter distance.

<p>Bootstrap values for each haplogroup were calculated using MEGA5.1 with 1,000 replicates. <i>Cephalonomia gallicola</i> (Bethylidae; Epyrinae; Cephalonomia) was chosen as the outgroup.</p

Neighbor-joining tree of the <i>COI</i> sequences of the sibling species of the genus <i>Sclerodermus</i> developed using Kimura-2-parameter distance.

<p>Bootstrap values for each haplogroup were calculated using MEGA5.1 with 1,000 replicates. <i>Cephalonomia gallicola</i> (Bethylidae; Epyrinae; Cephalonomia) was chosen as the outgroup.</p

Nucleotide frequency of the three codon positions in the eight species.

<p>Abbreviations are the same as those in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119573#pone.0119573.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a></p><p>Nucleotide frequency of the three codon positions in the eight species.</p

Description of samples used in this study.

<p>Description of samples used in this study.</p

Solidarité plus forte : bulletin du Secours populaire français / directeur de publication Marc Domenech

juin 20032003/06 (N174)

Molecular and Functional Characterization of a Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein from <i>Cynanchum komarovii</i> That Confers Fungal Resistance in Arabidopsis

<div><p>Compliance with ethical standards: This study did not involve human participants and animals, and the plant of interest is not an endangered species.</p><p>Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) are leucine-rich repeat proteins that plants produce against polygalacturonase, a key virulence agent in pathogens. In this paper, we cloned and purified CkPGIP1, a gene product from <i>Cynanchum komarovii</i> that effectively inhibits polygalacturonases from <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> and <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>. We found the expression of <i>CkPGIP1</i> to be induced in response to salicylic acid, wounding, and infection with <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>solani</i>. In addition, transgenic overexpression in Arabidopsis enhanced resistance against <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i>. Furthermore, CkPGIP1 obtained from transgenic Arabidopsis inhibited the activity of <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i> and <i>R</i>. <i>solani</i> polygalacturonases by 62.7–66.4% and 56.5–60.2%, respectively. Docking studies indicated that the protein interacts strongly with the B1-sheet at the N-terminus of the <i>B</i>. <i>cinerea</i> polygalacturonase, and with the C-terminus of the polygalacturonase from <i>R</i>. <i>solani</i>. This study highlights the significance of CkPGIP1 in plant disease resistance, and its possible application to manage fungal pathogens.</p></div

Identification of <i>CkSNAP33</i>, a gene encoding synaptosomal-associated protein from <i>Cynanchum komarovii</i>, that enhances Arabidopsis resistance to <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>

<div><p>SNARE proteins are essential to vesicle trafficking and membrane fusion in eukaryotic cells. In addition, the SNARE-mediated secretory pathway can deliver diverse defense products to infection sites during exocytosis-associated immune responses in plants. In this study, a novel gene (<i>CkSNAP33</i>) encoding a synaptosomal-associated protein was isolated from <i>Cynanchum komarovii</i> and characterized. CkSNAP33 contains Qb- and Qc-SNARE domains in the N- and C-terminal regions, respectively, and shares high sequence identity with AtSNAP33 from <i>Arabidopsis</i>. <i>CkSNAP33</i> expression was induced by H₂O₂, salicylic acid (SA), <i>Verticillium dahliae</i>, and wounding. Arabidopsis lines overexpressing CkSNAP33 had longer primary roots and larger seedlings than the wild type (WT). Transgenic Arabidopsis lines showed significantly enhanced resistance to <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i>, and displayed reductions in disease index and fungal biomass, and also showed elevated expression of <i>PR1</i> and <i>PR5</i>. The leaves of transgenic plants infected with <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> showed strong callose deposition and cell death that hindered the penetration and spread of the fungus at the infection site. Taken together, these results suggest that <i>CkSNAP33</i> is involved in the defense response against <i>V</i>. <i>dahliae</i> and enhanced disease resistance in Arabidopsis.</p></div