15 research outputs found

    Example stimuli and data analyses in mental rotation (MR) and inspection time (IT) tasks.

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    <p>In the MR task (panel A), subjects were instructed to answer whether two images of three-dimensional (3D) objects (each consisted of eleven cubes attached face-to-face, see Methods for details) were the same or different in their 3D structures. We plotted reaction times as a function of angular differences between the two shapes and estimated a slope and intercept with a linear fitting. The smaller slope of the linear function represents a higher speed of mental rotation. In the IT task (panel B), target and mask stimuli were successively presented near a fixation point. Subjects judged whether the left or right vertical line of the target was longer. In the figure above, a correct answer is left. A stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the target and mask started from 80 ms, being changed in a step of 10 ms based on an accuracy of the last two trials. We plotted the accuracy as a function of SOA, estimating a 75% threshold with a linear fitting as an index of the IT. The smaller IT represents a faster speed of object recognition.</p

    The relationship among three psychological measures (APM scores, MR slope, and IT) depicted over a template brain image in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM, available online athttp://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/software/spm8/).

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    <p>Previous studies have indicated a close relationship between intelligence and a function of the frontal cortex. A speed of object recognition (IT) reflects a function of the ventral pathway (from the occipital to temporal regions), while the rotation of mental images is mainly performed in the dorsal pathway (from the occipital to parietal regions). Our study found that the MR slope (not intercept) and the IT were individually correlated with the APM scores, suggesting that the speed of mental rotation and object recognition reflect different factors of fluid intelligence.</p

    Enlargement of GLA due to slow cell proliferation and inter-gla fusion in the 3d stemness-inducing nanoenvironment.

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    <p>(A) Representative photomicrographs of PC-3 cells after reaching confluent. Cells were cultured in the 2D condition. Cellular morphologies at day 4, 5, and 7 were shown. Arrowheads indicate GLA on the 2D monolayer cells. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Representative photomicrographs of PC-3 cells in the 3D culture condition. Cellular morphologies at day 11 and 14 were shown. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) Growth curves of PC-3 cells cultured in 2D serum-contained and 3D stem cell medium conditions. Cells were cultured in a 96-well plate. **P < 0.01 (2D serum vs 3D stem), n = 3. (D) Growth curves of PC-3 cells cultured in 2D serum-contained and 2D stem cell medium conditions. *P < 0.05 (2D stem vs 2D serum), n = 3. (E) Growth curves of PC-3 cells cultured in 3D serum-contained and 3D stem cell medium conditions. *P < 0.05 (3D stem vs 3D serum), n = 3. **P < 0.01 (3D stem vs 3D serum), n = 3. (F-H) Viabilities of PC-3 cells cultured in 2D or 3D conditions in serum-contained or stem cell media. Same data with different vertical axis values were shown between F and H and between G and I. (F, H) P < 0.05 (2D serum vs 2D stem), n = 3. (G, I) *P < 0.05 (vs day 0), n = 3. **P < 0.01 (vs day 0), n = 3. 3D serum d0 vs d7, P = 0.028. 3D serum d0 vs d11, P = 0.0052. 3D serum d0 vs d14, P = 0.0012. 3D stem d0 vs d7, P = 0.0138. 3D stem d0 vs d11, P = 0.0007. 3D stem d0 vs d14, P = 0.0004.</p

    Gene expression switching of Epithelial-Splicing Regulatory Proteins (ESRPs), CD44 variant, and stem cell markers depending on cell culture nanoEnvironments.

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    <p>(A) Representative morphologies of PC-3 cells cultured in the 4 different conditions. Cells were cultured in 10% serum-containing F12K medium or mTeSR1 stem-cell medium on 2D plates or 3D NCPs. Arrows indicate projections of cells. Scale bars, 100 μm. (B) Schematic structures of <i>CD44</i> gene, <i>CD44 variant 8–10</i> (<i>CD44v8-10</i>) and <i>CD44 standard</i> (<i>CD44s</i>). Blue and gray rectangles represent standard exons (exon 1 to 10) and variant exons (V1 to V10), respectively. The red primer pair is for all variants and the CD44s. The green primer pair is for CD44v containing exon V9. The blue primer pair is for CD44s only. (C) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of RT-PCR amplicons of CD44v and CD44s. An arrow indicates <i>CD44v8-10</i> amplicon. An arrowhead indicates <i>CD44s</i> amplicon. M1k, a 1 kbp DNA ladder marker. M100, a 100 bp DNA ladder marker. <i>ACTB</i>, β-actin mRNA as an internal control. (D) qRT-PCR analysis of stem-cell-related and epithelial-splicing regulatory genes. The mRNA expression levels of <i>CD44s</i>, <i>CD44v</i>, <i>ECAD/CDH1</i>, <i>ESRP1</i>, <i>ESRP2</i>, and <i>CD133</i> were examined. Relative mRNA expression levels versus those of <i>GAPDH</i> are shown. n = 3. (E) Flow cytometry analysis of CD44v9. PC-3 cells were cultured in serum-containing medium and passage number 1, 7, and 13 were examined by flow cytometry. An anti-prostate-specific antigen (PSA) antibody was used as a negative control. Serum promoted differentiation of the cells and reduced stemness.</p

    Quantification of size and hypoxia level of GLAs in serum-stimulated and stemness-induction conditions.

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    <p>(A) The grape-like aggregation (GLA) of PC-3 cells in the serum-contained or stem-cell medium. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Time-lapse imaging of maturation of GLA of PC-3 cells. Fusion of small GLAs was seen to form larger GLAs in the stem cell induction condition. Arrowheads indicate pre-fusion aggregates. Scale bar, 100 μm. (C) Numbers of cellular aggregations per field. A cellular aggregation sized more than 100 μm<sup>2</sup> diameters was defined as a GLA. A well of a 96-well plate was sectionized to 9 fields, and the area of 1 field is 2,632 μm<sup>2</sup>. n = 4. Biological replicates. (D) The average area of GLAs. n = 3. Biological replicates. (E) Hypoxia levels of the aggregations. n = 3. Biological replicates. (F) Hypoxia imaging by using a hypoxia probe. Scale bars, 200 μm. (G) Scatter plot analysis of areas and hypoxic levels of the GLAs. GLAs in random 4 fields were analyzed. Approximate straight lines were shown. Left, n = 1338. Right, n = 27. (H) The difference in sizes of GLAs. Gray, 100 to 500 μm<sup>2</sup>; orange, 500 to 5000 μm<sup>2</sup>. Red, > 5000 μm<sup>2</sup>.</p
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