A summary of preference for e-cigarette flavors.

<p>A summary of preference for e-cigarette flavors.</p

Summary of peer-reviewed literature on consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes.

<p>Summary of peer-reviewed literature on consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes.</p

A systematic review of consumer preference for e-cigarette attributes: Flavor, nicotine strength, and type

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Systematic review of research examining consumer preference for the main electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) attributes namely flavor, nicotine strength, and type.</p><p>Method</p><p>A systematic search of peer-reviewed articles resulted in a pool of 12,933 articles. We included only articles that meet all the selection criteria: (1) peer-reviewed, (2) written in English, and (3) addressed consumer preference for one or more of the e-cigarette attributes including flavor, strength, and type.</p><p>Results</p><p>66 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Consumers preferred flavored e-cigarettes, and such preference varied with age groups and smoking status. We also found that several flavors were associated with decreased harm perception while tobacco flavor was associated with increased harm perception. In addition, some flavor chemicals and sweeteners used in e-cigarettes could be of toxicological concern. Finally, consumer preference for nicotine strength and types depended on smoking status, e-cigarette use history, and gender.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Adolescents could consider flavor the most important factor trying e-cigarettes and were more likely to initiate vaping through flavored e-cigarettes. Young adults overall preferred sweet, menthol, and cherry flavors, while non-smokers in particular preferred coffee and menthol flavors. Adults in general also preferred sweet flavors (though smokers like tobacco flavor the most) and disliked flavors that elicit bitterness or harshness. In terms of whether flavored e-cigarettes assisted quitting smoking, we found inconclusive evidence. E-cigarette users likely initiated use with a cigarette like product and transitioned to an advanced system with more features. Non-smokers and inexperienced e-cigarettes users tended to prefer no nicotine or low nicotine e-cigarettes while smokers and experienced e-cigarettes users preferred medium and high nicotine e-cigarettes. Weak evidence exists regarding a positive interaction between menthol flavor and nicotine strength.</p></div

Studies screened and selected for inclusion in the review of consumer preferences for e-cigarette attributes.

Studies screened and selected for inclusion in the review of consumer preferences for e-cigarette attributes.</p

Table_1_Effects of Exercise on Depression, Anxiety, Cognitive Control, Craving, Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients.docx

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse results in a variety of harmful changes in mood states and cognitive function, together with declined physical health and quality of life. Recent studies highlighted the therapeutic potential of physical exercise on MA addiction. Physical exercise improves emotional state and general health conditions, enhances cognitive function, reduces relapse rate, and facilitates abstinence, thereby improves the overall quality of life of the drug users. This review summarizes the present situation of physical exercise on MA-dependent patients with both animal and clinical population results.</p

Additional file 2: of Inhibition of autophagy promoted high glucose/ROS-mediated apoptosis in ADSCs

Supplementary materials and methods. (PDF 56 kb

High Throughput Screening of Glycopolymers: Balance between Cytotoxicity and Antibacterial Property

To search for synthetic agents with low cytotoxicity and good antibacterial activity is essential for antimicrobial applications. Here we report a high throughput technique that carried out in multiwell plates via recyclable-catalyst-aided, opened-to-air, and sunlight-photolyzed RAFT (ROS-RAFT) polymerization. By using this method, three key monomers (MAG the sugar unit, DMAPMA the positively charged monomer, and DEMAA the hydrophobic monomer) can be polymerized in a controlled manner to afford glycopolymers. This simple high throughput technology is used to synthesize glycopolymers with variable compositions. The bacterial adhesion/killing ability and cytotoxicity of synthesized polymers have been evaluated, and glycopolymers with certain composition can achieve a balance of low cytotoxic and good antibacterial activity

Additional file 1: of Inhibition of autophagy promoted high glucose/ROS-mediated apoptosis in ADSCs

Characteristics of ADSCs. (PDF 1563 kb

Sunlight-Induced RAFT Synthesis of Multifaceted Glycopolymers with Surface Anchoring, In Situ AgNP Formation, and Antibacterial Properties

A multifaceted glycopolymer is designed for the convenient and universal fabrication of antibacterial surfaces. Sunlight-induced living-radical polymerization in the presence of a reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer agent without a photoinitiator was applied to obtain well-designed multifunctional glycopolymers containing three functional groups that can complex with a silver ion, bind to different surfaces, and form silver nanoparticles in situ. The polymerization behavior and the effects of the concentration of the three monomers have been investigated. The obtained polymers can be used to effectively modify a variety of surfaces [silicon wafer, poly­(dimethylsiloxane), and stainless steel] and the modification is characterized by contact-angle studies, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of the composition of the polymers on the antibacterial properties of different surfaces has been studied

DataSheet1_Systemically engineering Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for increasing its antifungal activity and green antifungal lipopeptides production.docx

The biosynthesis of antifungal lipopeptides iturin and fengycin has attracted broad interest; however, there is a bottleneck in its low yield in wild strains. Because the key metabolic mechanisms in the lipopeptides synthesis pathway remain unclear, genetic engineering approaches are all ending up with a single or a few gene modifications. The aim of this study is to develop a systematic engineering approach to improve the antifungal activity and biosynthesis of iturin and fengycin in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. First, blocking the carbon overflow metabolic pathway to increase precursor supply of the branched-chain amino acids by knockout of bdh, disrupting sporulation to extend the stage for producing antifungal lipopeptides by deletion of kinA, blocking of siderophore synthesis to enhance the availability of amino acids and fatty acids by deletion of dhbF, and increasing Spo0A∼P by deletion of rapA, could improve the antifungal activity by 24%, 10%, 13% and 18%, respectively. Second, the double knockout strain ΔbdhΔkinA, triple knockout strain ΔbdhΔkinAΔdhbF and quadruple knockout strain ΔkinAΔbdhΔdhbFΔrapA could improve the antifungal activity by 38%, 44% and 53%, respectively. Finally, overexpression of sfp in ΔkinAΔbdhΔdhbFΔrapA further increased the antifungal activity by 65%. After purifying iturin and fengycin as standards for quantitative analysis of lipopeptides, we found the iturin titer was 17.0 mg/L in the final engineered strain, which was 3.2-fold of the original strain. After fermentation optimization, the titer of iturin and fengycin reached 31.1 mg/L and 175.3 mg/L in flask, and 123.5 mg/L and 1200.8 mg/L in bioreactor. Compared to the original strain, the iturin and fengycin titer in bioreactor increased by 22.8-fold and 15.9-fold in the final engineered strain, respectively. This study may pave the way for the commercial production of green antifungal lipopeptides, and is also favorable for understanding the regulatory and biosynthetic mechanism of iturin and fengycin.</p