51 research outputs found
Additional file 2: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Figure S1. Total mapped and unmapped RNA-seq clean reads for transgenic lines and WT plants. (PDF 119 kb
Additional file 1: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Table S5. Primer sequences used in the experiments. (DOCX 16 kb
Additional file 3: of Transcriptomic analysis reveals vacuolar Na+ (K+)/H+ antiporter gene contributing to growth, development, and defense in switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Table S1. Significantly upregulated genes involved in cell division in transgenic compared to WT plants. (DOCX 15 kb
Pressure-Stabilized Semiconducting Electrides in Alkaline-Earth-Metal Subnitrides
High pressure is able to modify profoundly
the chemical bonding
and generate new phase structures of materials with chemical and physical
properties not accessible at ambient conditions. We here report an
unprecedented phenomenon on the pressure-induced formation of semiconducting
electrides via compression of layered alkaline-earth subnitrides Ca<sub>2</sub>N, Sr<sub>2</sub>N, and Ba<sub>2</sub>N that are conducting
electrides with loosely confined electrons in the interlayer voids
at ambient pressure. Our extensive first-principles swarm structure
searches identified the high-pressure semiconducting electride phases
of a tetragonal <i>I</i>4Ì…2<i>d</i> structure
for Ca<sub>2</sub>N and a monoclinic <i>Cc</i> structure
shared by Sr<sub>2</sub>N and Ba<sub>2</sub>N, both of which contain
atomic-size cavities with paring electrons distributed within. These
electride structures are validated by the excellent agreement between
the simulated X-ray diffraction patterns and the experimental data
available. We attribute the emergence of the semiconducting electride
phases to the p<i>–</i>d hybridization on alkaline-earth-metal
atoms under compression as well as the filling of the p<i>–</i>d hybridized band due to the interaction between Ca and N. Our work
provides a unique example of pressure-induced metal-to-semiconductor
transition in compound materials and reveals unambiguously the electron-confinement
topology change between different types of electrides
Sugar and ethanol concentrations for 96 h of enzymatic and fermentation for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai pretreated at untreated, A2B1C1D1 (1.5%, 1∶6, 15 min, 110°C), A2B2C2D2 (1.5%, 1∶8, 30 min, 120°C), A2B1C1D2 (1.5%, 1∶6, 15 min, 120°C).
<p>Analyses were performed in triplicate with the error bars representing the corresponding standard errors.</p
Results of the incomplete factorial experiment evaluating dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pretreatment for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.
<p>K1 = Sum of index value of factor1, K2 =  Sum of index value of factor2, K1-bar = K1/2, K2-bar = K2/2.</p><p>Results of the incomplete factorial experiment evaluating dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pretreatment for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.</p
Effect of dilute H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> pretreatment on sugar concentration at (A) different H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentrations with fixed forage:sulfuric acid ratio (1∶8), fixed digestion time (30 min), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); (B) different forage:sulfuric acid ratios with fixed H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration (1.5%), fixed digestion time (30 min), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); (C) different digestion times with fixed H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration (1.5%), fix forage:sulfuric acid ration (1∶8), and fixed digestion temperature (120°C); and (D) different digestion temperatures with fixed H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> concentration (1.5%), fixed forage:sulfuric acid ratio (1∶8), and fixed digestion time (30 min) for <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.
<p>Analyses were performed in triplicate with the error bars representing the corresponding standard errors.</p
Incomplete factorial experimental design of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai with dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.
<p>Incomplete factorial experimental design of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai with dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.</p
Chemical compositions of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.
<p>Chemical compositions of <i>Triarrhena sacchariflora</i> (Maxim.) Nakai.</p
Means and standards errors for lignocellulosic components and means for crystallinity for different digestion temperatures, N = 3<sup>1</sup>.
1<p>Means with larger standard errors in a column are based on a sample size of N = 2.</p>abcde<p>Means within a column with differing superscripts differ (P<0.05).</p><p>Means and standards errors for lignocellulosic components and means for crystallinity for different digestion temperatures, N = 3<sup><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0114399#nt107" target="_blank">1</a></sup>.</p
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