Enrichment of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin determined by comparison with the KEGG functions observed in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed only the basal diet (control).

Enrichment of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin determined by comparison with the KEGG functions observed in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed only the basal diet (control).</p

Biodiversity indices of the gut microbiota in broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin.

Biodiversity indices of the gut microbiota in broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin.</p

Effects of dietary supplementation with 0 (control), 40 ppm (LYS40), 100 ppm (LYS100), and 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme and 400 ppm flavomycin (FLA) on the growth performance (1–42 d) of broiler chickens.

Effects of dietary supplementation with 0 (control), 40 ppm (LYS40), 100 ppm (LYS100), and 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme and 400 ppm flavomycin (FLA) on the growth performance (1–42 d) of broiler chickens.</p

Effects of dietary supplementation with lysozyme and flavomycin on the composition and distribution of bacterial and fungal OTUs in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens.

(A&B) Venn diagrams showing the occurrence of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) OTUs identified in 16S rRNA and ITS fragment sequencing of cecal microbiota of chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with or without 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin. (C&D) Grouping of cecal bacterial (C) and fungal (D) communities based on principle component analyses of Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons (V3-V4 region) and ITS fragment sequencing, respectively.</p

Effects of dietary supplementation with lysozyme on the structure and function of the cecal microbiota in broiler chickens - Fig 3

Clustering analysis of the compositions of the abundant (>1%) bacterial genera (A) and fungal orders (B) in the cecum of chickens fed a basal diet plus 0 (control), 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin. Values in individual squares represent relative percentage abundances of individual genera or orders. Unc represents unclassified.</p

Expression and classification of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the cecal microbiota of broilers fed a corn-based diet supplemented with 0 (control), 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin.

(A) Expression of carbohydrate-active enzyme genes in the cecal microbiota of broilers with different dietary treatments. (B) Taxonomy and relative abundances of the classifiable carbohydrate-active enzyme genes identified in cecal microbiota of broilers with different dietary treatments.</p

Phylogenetic classification and differences in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with or without 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin.

Phylum compositions of the bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities in the cecal microbiota characterized based on sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons (V3-V4 region) and ITS fragment sequencing.</p

Enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) functions in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin determined by comparison with the GO functions observed in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed only the basal diet (control).

Enrichment of Gene Ontology (GO) functions in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed a basal diet supplemented with 40 (LYS40), 100 (LYS100), or 200 ppm (LYS200) lysozyme or 400 ppm flavomycin determined by comparison with the GO functions observed in the cecal microbiota of broiler chickens fed only the basal diet (control).</p

Pair comparison of the 16S rRNA abundances of top 50 abundant bacterial genera (taxa) identified in the cecal microbiota of chicken fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1%, 2% or 4% inulin or 400 ppm bacitracin.

(A) Bacitracin treated group vs Control group; (B) 1% inulin treated group vs Control group; (C) 2% inulin treated group vs Control group; (D) 4% inulin treated group vs Control group. P values were determined with Kruskal Wallis test. Symbol labels in (A) also apply to (B), (C) and (D). (PDF)</p

Composition of the experimental diet (%).

Composition of the experimental diet (%).</p