Community-specific relative risks (RR) of incident bronchitis across inter-quartile range elevation for pulmonary function indices by ambient NO₂ levels.

<p>Each circle represents one community. (A) FVC, forced vital capacity; (B) FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1s; (C) MMEF, forced expiratory flow over the mid-range of expiration.</p

Demographic characteristics of the study participants.

a<p>Number of subjects do not add up to total N because of missing data.</p>b<p>New Taiwan dollars per year ($1 US =$ 33 New Taiwan).</p>c<p>Atopy is defined as allergic rhinitis or atopic eczema.</p

11.1. Fonvizin da Il Minorenne

<p>*FVC, forced vital capacity;</p><p>FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1s;</p><p>MMEF, forced expiratory flow over the mid-range of expiration.</p><p>All models were adjusted for community, <i>in utero</i> exposure to maternal smoking, family history of asthma, family history of atopy, active smoking and current SHS.</p

Annual average NO₂ levels (2007

<p>–<b>2009) in 14 Taiwan Children Health Study communities.</b> Dark bars: higher NO₂; mean, 22.1 ppb. Light bars: lower NO₂; mean, 14.0 ppb.</p

Relative risks of incident bronchitis and asthma by pulmonary function indices, stratified by community-specific annual average NO₂ levels (2007–2009).

a<p>FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1s; MMEF, forced expiratory flow over the mid-range of expiration.</p>b<p>Two NO₂ strata were defined as less than and greater than the median level (17.5 ppb).</p>c<p>Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of outcomes were scaled across the inter-quartile range elevation by each pulmonary function index.</p><p>All models were adjusted for community, <i>in utero</i> exposure to maternal smoking, family history of asthma, family history of atopy, active smoking and current SHS.</p

Two-way gene-gene interactions of MDR analysis.

*<p>Two- or Three-way interactions were validated based on 1000 permutations.</p>#<p>Two- or Three-way interactions were validated based on 1000 explicit tests.</p

Three-way gene-gene interactions of MDR analysis.

*<p>Two- or Three-way interactions were validated based on 1000 permutations.</p>#<p>Two- or Three-way interactions were validated based on 1000 explicit tests.</p

Genotype characteristics of each single nucleotide polymorphism.

<p>Notes: MAF, minor allele frequency; HWE, Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium.</p>*<p>p-value for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.</p

Summary of MDR gene-gene interaction results.

<p>Summary of MDR gene-gene interaction results.</p

The best two-way gene-environment interaction between preterm birth and home dampness for childhood asthma.

<p>(A) The 4 gene-environment combinations displayed by MDR. High-risk genotype combinations are in grey and low-risk genotype combinations in white. The left bar represent the asthma group and the right bar represent the controls. (B) The validation of high and low risk classification by Chi-square test.</p