Characterization and effects of thermal cycling on the properties of paraffin/expanded graphite composites

Paraffin has been one of the most potential phase change materials (PCMs) in low-temperature latent heat storage. However, the low thermal conductivity of paraffin restricts its thermal performance and limits its large-scale applications. Adding a suitable proportion of expanded graphite (EG) into the paraffin can enhance the heat transfer rate, thus improve the thermal efficiency of the whole heat storage system. In this paper, five paraffin/EG composites with 2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% of EG were prepared to study their long-term characteristics. Effects of thermal cycling (up to 100 thermal cycles) on the thermophysical properties were studied, such as, phase transition temperature, latent heat, chemical compatibility, thermal stability and thermal conductivity. The paraffin/EG composite has the potential for converting intermittent electricity directly into heat, therefore, the effect of thermal cycling on electrical conductivity was also studied. The results showed that both phase transition temperature and latent heat decreased slightly after 100 thermal cycles, within 1% and 3% respectively. Thermal cycling changed the distribution and interaction between the paraffin and EG resulting in a lower temperature thermal decomposition process. Long-term thermal cycling also had a more negative effect on the increase rate in thermal and electrical conductivity achieved for higher EG content

Data_Sheet_1_Effects of Directed Attention on Subsequent Processing of Emotions: Increased Attention to Unpleasant Pictures Occurs in the Late Positive Potential.DOCX

<p>Directed attention is a fundamental mental resource for voluntarily managing the focus and direction of cognitive resources. The present study investigated how processing of unpleasant and neutral images is affected by emotion and previous directed attention. The results showed that there was enhanced early posterior negativity, anterior N2, and parietal late positive potential (LPP) in response to unpleasant pictures compared to neutral pictures. Furthermore, attention history (i.e., whether stimuli were previously attended to) modulated the amplitudes of the anterior N2 and parietal LPP. Most notably, an interaction between attention history and emotion was found in the LPP: pictures with an ‘attended history’ evoked larger LPP amplitudes than pictures with an ‘unattended history,’ but this effect was only significant for unpleasant pictures (not for neutral pictures). These results suggest that directed attention to affective pictures facilitates subsequent neural processing of these pictures, and that this effect was amplified by unpleasant emotions experienced in the LPP. The current findings provide further empirical evidence of a two-stage model of emotion-attention interaction.</p

Specific nanotoxicity of graphene oxide during zebrafish embryogenesis

<p>Graphene oxide (GO) has shown great potential for biological, medical, energy and electronic applications. As a consequence of these diverse applications, GO release into the ecosystem is inevitable; however, the corresponding risks are largely unknown, particularly with respect to the critical period of embryogenesis. This study revealed that GO adhered to and enveloped the chorion of zebrafish embryos mainly via hydroxyl group interactions, blocked the pore canals of the chorionic membrane, and caused marked hypoxia and hatching delay. Furthermore, GO spontaneously penetrated the chorion, entered the embryo via endocytosis, damaged the mitochondria and primarily translocated to the eye, heart and yolk sac regions, which are involved in the circulatory system of zebrafish. In these organs, GO induced excessive generation of reactive oxygen species and increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis. Graphene oxide also induced developmental malformation of the eye, cardiac/yolk sac edema, tail flexure and heart rate reduction. In contrast to the common dose-effect relationships of nanoparticles, the adverse effects of GO on heart rate and tail/spinal cord flexure increased and then decreased as the GO concentration increased. These findings emphasize the specific adverse effects of GO on embryogenesis and highlight the potential ecological and health risks of GO.</p

Supplementary files for: Characterization and effects of thermal cycling on the properties of paraffin/expanded graphite composites

Paraffin has been one of the most potential phase change materials (PCMs) in low-temperature latent heat storage. However, the low thermal conductivity of paraffin restricts its thermal performance and limits its large-scale applications. Adding a suitable proportion of expanded graphite (EG) into the paraffin can enhance the heat transfer rate, thus improve the thermal efficiency of the whole heat storage system. In this paper, five paraffin/EG composites with 2 wt%, 5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt% and 20 wt% of EG were prepared to study their long-term characteristics. Effects of thermal cycling (up to 100 thermal cycles) on the thermophysical properties were studied, such as, phase transition temperature, latent heat, chemical compatibility, thermal stability and thermal conductivity. The paraffin/EG composite has the potential for converting intermittent electricity directly into heat, therefore, the effect of thermal cycling on electrical conductivity was also studied. The results showed that both phase transition temperature and latent heat decreased slightly after 100 thermal cycles, within 1% and 3% respectively. Thermal cycling changed the distribution and interaction between the paraffin and EG resulting in a lower temperature thermal decomposition process. Long-term thermal cycling also had a more negative effect on the increase rate in thermal and electrical conductivity achieved for higher EG content

The grand-mean ERP waveforms at the occipito-temporal electrode sites of P7 and P8.

<p>The grand-mean ERP waveforms at the occipito-temporal electrode sites of P7 and P8.</p

The grand-mean ERP waveforms at the occipital electrode sites of O1 and O2.

<p>The grand-mean ERP waveforms at the occipital electrode sites of O1 and O2.</p

Mitigation in Multiple Effects of Graphene Oxide Toxicity in Zebrafish Embryogenesis Driven by Humic Acid

Graphene oxide (GO) is a widely used carbonaceous nanomaterial. To date, the influence of natural organic matter (NOM) on GO toxicity in aquatic vertebrates has not been reported. During zebrafish embryogenesis, GO induced a significant hatching delay and cardiac edema. The intensive interactions of GO with the chorion induces damage to chorion protuberances, excessive generation of ^•OH, and changes in protein secondary structure. In contrast, humic acid (HA), a ubiquitous form of NOM, significantly relieved the above adverse effects. HA reduced the interactions between GO and the chorion and mitigated chorion damage by regulating the morphology, structures, and surface negative charges of GO. HA also altered the uptake and deposition of GO and decreased the aggregation of GO in embryonic yolk cells and deep layer cells. Furthermore, HA mitigated the mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress induced by GO. This work reveals a feasible antidotal mechanism for GO in the presence of NOM and avoids overestimating the risks of GO in the natural environment

Illustration of one experimental trial in this study.

<p>Illustration of one experimental trial in this study.</p

Table2_Comprehensive analysis of Cuproplasia and immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma.xlsx

Background: Trace elements such as copper are essential for human health. Recently the journal Nat Rev Cancer has put forward the concept of Cuproplasia, a way of promoting tumor growth through reliance on copper. We attempted to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Cuproplasia-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) to explore the mechanism of action of Cuproplasia-related genes in LUAD.Method: Transcriptome data and clinical information of LUAD were obtained from TCGA-LUAD and GSE31210, and prognostic models of Cuproplasia-related genes were constructed and verified by regression analysis of GSVA, WGCNA, univariate COX and lasso. The signal pathways affected by Cuproplasia-related genes were analyzed by GO, KEGG and hallmarK pathway enrichment methods. Five immunocell infiltration algorithms and IMVIGOR210 data were used to analyze immune cell content and immunotherapy outcomes in the high-low risk group.Results: In the results of WGCNA, BROWN and TURQUOISE were identified as modules closely related to Cuproplasia score. In the end, lasso regression analysis established a Cuproplasia-related signature (CRS) based on 24 genes, and the prognosis of high-risk populations was worse in TCGA-LUAD and GSE31210 datasets. The enrichment analysis showed that copper proliferation was mainly through chromosome, cell cycle, dna replication, g2m checkpoint and other pathways. Immunoinfiltration analysis showed that there were differences in the content of macrophages among the four algorithms. And IMVIGOR210 found that the lower the score, the more effective the immunotherapy was.Conclusion: The Cuproplasia related gene can be used to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy outcome of LUAD patients, and may exert its effect by affecting chromosome-related pathways and macrophages.</p

Table4_Comprehensive analysis of Cuproplasia and immune microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma.xlsx

Background: Trace elements such as copper are essential for human health. Recently the journal Nat Rev Cancer has put forward the concept of Cuproplasia, a way of promoting tumor growth through reliance on copper. We attempted to conduct a comprehensive analysis of Cuproplasia-related genes in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) to explore the mechanism of action of Cuproplasia-related genes in LUAD.Method: Transcriptome data and clinical information of LUAD were obtained from TCGA-LUAD and GSE31210, and prognostic models of Cuproplasia-related genes were constructed and verified by regression analysis of GSVA, WGCNA, univariate COX and lasso. The signal pathways affected by Cuproplasia-related genes were analyzed by GO, KEGG and hallmarK pathway enrichment methods. Five immunocell infiltration algorithms and IMVIGOR210 data were used to analyze immune cell content and immunotherapy outcomes in the high-low risk group.Results: In the results of WGCNA, BROWN and TURQUOISE were identified as modules closely related to Cuproplasia score. In the end, lasso regression analysis established a Cuproplasia-related signature (CRS) based on 24 genes, and the prognosis of high-risk populations was worse in TCGA-LUAD and GSE31210 datasets. The enrichment analysis showed that copper proliferation was mainly through chromosome, cell cycle, dna replication, g2m checkpoint and other pathways. Immunoinfiltration analysis showed that there were differences in the content of macrophages among the four algorithms. And IMVIGOR210 found that the lower the score, the more effective the immunotherapy was.Conclusion: The Cuproplasia related gene can be used to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy outcome of LUAD patients, and may exert its effect by affecting chromosome-related pathways and macrophages.</p