Supplementary document for Optofluidic Tunable Filters using Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Capacitors - 6829960.pdf

Supplemental Document

Sesquiterpenoids with Phytotoxic and Antifungal Activities from a Pathogenic Fungus <i>Aspergillus alabamensis</i>

Five new carotane sesquiterpenoids (asperalacids A–E (1–5)), one new tricyclic sesquiterpenoid (4-hydroxy-5(6)-dihydroterrecyclic acid A (6)), and two known analogues (7–8) were obtained from a seagrass-derived fungus Aspergillus alabamensis, which was speculated to be a phytopathogenic fungus, isolated from the necrotic leaves of Enhalus acoroides. The structures of 1–6 were established by a combination of spectroscopic methods, including comprehensive NMR analysis, mass spectrometry, conformational analysis, NMR computational methods, and ECD calculations. Compound 4, with higher inhibitory activity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root and shoot elongation than the positive control terbutryn, a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide, is a new natural plant growth inhibitor. Compound 5, belonging to the rare glycosylated sesquiterpenoid class, represents the first example of glycosylated carotane sesquiterpenoid whose sugar moiety was identified as α-d-glucose. Compounds 1–4 and 6 displayed weak to potent antimicrobial activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium graminearum, and Penicillium italicum and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus

Comparison of Daytime and Nighttime New Particle Growth at the HKUST Supersite in Hong Kong

Particles larger than 50–100 nm in diameter have been considered to be effective cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) under typical atmospheric conditions. We studied the growth of newly formed particles (NPs) in the atmosphere and the conditions for these particles to grow beyond 50 nm at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong. Altogether, 17 new particle formation events each lasting over 1 h were observed in 17 days during 8 Mar–28 Apr and 1 Nov–30 Dec 2011. In 12 events, single-stage growth of NPs was observed in daytime when the median mobility diameter of NPs (<i>D</i>_p) increased up to ∼40 nm but did not increase further. In three events, two-stage particle growth to 61–97 nm was observed at nighttime. The second stage growth was preceded by a first-stage growth in daytime when the <i>D</i>_p reached 43 ± 4 nm. In all these 15 events, organics and sulfuric acid were major contributors to the first-stage growth in daytime. Ammonium nitrate unlikely contributed to the growth in daytime, but it was correlated with the second-stage growth of ∼40 nm NPs to CCN sizes at nighttime. The remaining two events apparently showed second-stage growth in late afternoon but were confirmed to be due to mixing of NPs with pre-existing particles. We conclude that daytime NP growth cannot reach CCN sizes at our site, but nighttime NP growth driven by organics and NH₄NO₃ can

Double-Edged Role of VOCs Reduction in Nitrate Formation: Insights from Observations during the China International Import Expo 2018

Aerosol nitrate (NO3–) constitutes a significant component of fine particles in China. Prioritizing the control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a crucial step toward achieving clean air, yet its impact on NO3– pollution remains inadequately understood. Here, we examined the role of VOCs in NO3– formation by combining comprehensive field measurements conducted during the China International Import Expo (CIIE) in Shanghai (from 10 October to 22 November 2018) and multiphase chemical modeling. Despite a decline in primary pollutants during the CIIE, NO3– levels increased compared to pre-CIIE and post-CIIENO3– concentrations decreased in the daytime (by −10 and −26%) while increasing in the nighttime (by 8 and 30%). Analysis of the observations and backward trajectory indicates that the diurnal variation in NO3– was mainly attributed to local chemistry rather than meteorological conditions. Decreasing VOCs lowered the daytime NO3– production by reducing the hydroxyl radical level, whereas the greater VOCs reduction at night than that in the daytime increased the nitrate radical level, thereby promoting the nocturnal NO3– production. These results reveal the double-edged role of VOCs in NO3– formation, underscoring the need for transferring large VOC-emitting enterprises from the daytime to the nighttime, which should be considered in formulating corresponding policies