Influences of Cremophor RH 40 ranging from 0.001% to 0.1% on BBMVs intestinal membrane fluidity of the male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 12), present by fluorescence anisotropy of the intestinal membrane labeled with Tma-DPH as a probe.

* Values are statistically different between the control (i.e. no Cremophor RH 40) and the Cremophor RH 40 groups at p < 0.05.</p

Percentage change in mdr1a mRNA expression in the presence of Cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 4).

* Values are statistically different between the control (i.e. no Cremophor RH 40) and the Cremophor RH 40 groups at p < 0.05.</p

Primers used for the analysis of P-gp and PepT1 gene expression by RT-PCR.

Primers used for the analysis of P-gp and PepT1 gene expression by RT-PCR.</p

Related pharmacokinetic parameters and intestinal membrane transporter expression in male and female Wistar rats.

(a) the absorption (AUC0–240min) of 5mg/kg ampicillin; (b) plasma concentration-time profile of ampicillin; (c) P-gp protein abundance; (d) mdr1a mRNA expression; (e) Mrp2 protein content; (f) Mrp2 mRNA level; (g) PepT1 protein expression; (h) rPepT1 level. All the data were expressed as mean ± standard error of at least 4 experiments. * Values are statistically different between the male and female groups.</p

Percentage change in <i>mdr1b</i> mRNA expression in the presence of cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 4).

(TIF)</p

Percentage change in P-gp protein level in the presence of Cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 4).

* Values are statistically different between the control (i.e. no Cremophor RH 40) and the Cremophor RH 40 groups at p < 0.05.</p

S1 Graphical abstract -

(JPEG)</p

Percentage change in rPepT1 mRNA expression in the presence of Cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 4).

No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05).</p

Percentage change in the absorption (AUC0–240min) of ampicillin (5 mg/kg) in the presence of Cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats by an in situ closed-loop study (mean ± SD, n = 4).

* Values are statistically different between the control (i.e. no Cremophor RH 40) and the Cremophor RH 40 groups at p < 0.05.</p

Percentage change in PepT1 protein level in the presence of Cremophor RH 40 in the jejunum of male and female Wistar rats (mean ± SD, n = 4).

* Values are statistically different between the control (i.e. no Cremophor RH 40) and the Cremophor RH 40 groups at p < 0.05.</p