Image_6_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Image_5_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Image_7_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Table_1_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.DOCX

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Image_2_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Cortico-Muscular Coherence with Time Lag with Application to Delay Estimation

Functional coupling between the motor cortex and muscle activity is usually detected and characterized using the spectral method of corticomuscular coherence (CMC). This functional coupling occurs with a time delay, which, if not properly accounted for, may decrease the coherence and make the synchrony difficult to detect. In this paper, we introduce the concept of CMC with time lag (CMCTL), that is the coherence between segments of motor cortex electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) signals displaced from a central observation point. This concept is motivated by the need to compensate for the unknown delay between coupled cortex and muscle processes. We demonstrate using simulated data that under certain conditions the time lag between EEG and EMG segments at points of local maxima of CMCTL corresponds to the average delay along the involved corticomuscular conduction pathways. Using neurophysiological data, we then show that CMCTL with appropriate time lag enhances the coherence between cortical and muscle signals, and that time lags which correspond to local maxima of CMCTL provide estimates of delays involved in corticomuscular coupling that are consistent with the underlying physiology

Image_1_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Image_4_Effects of immersion in a simulated natural environment on stress reduction and emotional arousal: A systematic review and meta-analysis.TIF

BackgroundAlthough the mental health benefits of exposure to simulated natural environments are well established by researchers from environmental psychology, landscape architecture, and public health, it is unclear whether and to what extent technological immersion affects these benefits.MethodsSystematical literature searches were conducted in May 2022 from six databases. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias tool 2.0 and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. We performed a random-effects meta-regression to investigate the heterogeneity. The immersion levels of included studies were classified by projection devices and motion capture, and then subgroup analysis was conducted.ResultsTwenty-six publications were included. Exposure to simulated nature was confirmed to be associated with increased positive affect 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.22, 0.58], vigor 0.58 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.86), calmness 0.54 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.92) and decreased perceived stress −0.38 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.06), total mood disturbance −0.87 (95% CI: −1.17, −0.57), tension −0.70 (95% CI: −0.99, −0.41), fatigue −0.60 (95% CI: −0.91, −0.28), anxiety −0.72 (95% CI: −1.43, −0.02), depression −0.33 (95% CI: −0.52, −0.14), confusion −0.79 (95% CI: −1.19, −0.40), and anger −0.54 (95% CI: −0.76, −0.31). Gender, health status, study design, mean age, and single exposure duration were not significant when entered in a meta-regression. For positive affect, medium immersion was observed to produce a larger effect than low and high immersion. All included studies had a moderate to high risk of bias.ConclusionAudio-visual exposure to simulated nature contributes to stress relief and emotional arousal. The immersion level explains the heterogeneity of positive affect triggered by simulated nature. Focusing on the technical features will open up new possibilities for combining actual and simulated nature’s mental health benefits.</p

Working Papers in the Language Sciences (WPLS), Volume 7, Number 1, Fall 2019

Working Papers in the Language Sciences at the University of Rochester (WPLS: UR) is an online publication of working papers from the University's interdisciplinary language sciences community.Any student or faculty member from the University of Rochester can submit their working papers for consideration.For more information, please visit the Working Papers in the Language Sciences homepage.Table of Contents;Editor: Peter GuekguezianKrauss (2005) Tonogenesis Tables: IPA Transcriptionby Joyce McDonoughMemory Retrieval in Mandarin Chinese Reflexive Processing: Evidence against the Local Search Hypothesisby Yuhang Xu and Jeffrey T. RunnerHow to Use Young and Morgan's 1987 'The Navajo Language'by Joyce McDonoughTemplatic Morphology in Chukchansi Yokutsby Peter GuekguezianDocumenting Intonational Prosody: Comparison of Three Dene/Athabaskan (ISO 639-3) Languages using Data from Different Tasksby Joyce McDonoughVowel Contrasts in SaySiyat (Saisiyat)by Peter Guekguezian and Yuyi ZhouAppendix for Krauss (2005) Tonogenesis Tables: IPA Transcription: The Tablesby Joyce McDonough</p