P1 Center Electron Spin Clusters Are Prevalent in Type Ib Diamonds

Understanding the spatial distribution of the P1 centers is crucial for diamond-based sensors and quantum devices. P1 centers serve as polarization sources for dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) quantum sensing and play a significant role in the relaxation of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. Additionally, the distribution of NV centers correlates with the distribution of P1 centers, as NV centers are formed through the conversion of P1 centers. We utilized DNP and pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques that revealed strong clustering of a significant population of P1 centers that exhibit exchange coupling and produce asymmetric line shapes. The 13C DNP frequency profile at a high magnetic field revealed a pattern that requires an asymmetric EPR line shape of the P1 clusters with electron–electron (e–e) coupling strengths exceeding the 13C nuclear Larmor frequency. EPR and DNP characterization at high magnetic fields was necessary to resolve energy contributions from different e–e couplings. We employed a two-frequency pump–probe pulsed electron double resonance technique to show cross-talk between the isolated and clustered P1 centers. This finding implies that the clustered P1 centers affect all of the P1 populations. Direct observation of clustered P1 centers and their asymmetric line shape offers a novel and crucial insight into understanding magnetic noise sources for quantum information applications of diamonds and for designing diamond-based polarizing agents with optimized DNP efficiency for 13C and other nuclear spins of analytes. We propose that room temperature 13C DNP at a high field, achievable through straightforward modifications to existing solution-state NMR systems, is a potent tool for evaluating and controlling diamond defects

Table_5_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).xlsx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_7_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).docx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

DataSheet_1_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).docx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_2_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).docx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_1_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).xlsx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_3_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).xlsx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_6_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).xlsx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p

Table_4_Acute hypoxia changes the gene expression profiles and alternative splicing landscape in gills of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus).docx

Hypoxia is one of the most important environmental stressors in aquatic ecosystems. To deal with the hypoxia environment, fishes exhibit a series of physiological and molecular responses to maintain homeostasis and organism functions. In the present study, hypoxia-induced changes in gene expression profiles and alternative splicing (AS) events in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus), a promising marine-culture fish species in China, were thoroughly investigated by RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 1,242, 1,487 and 1,762 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 3 h, 6 h and 12 h in gills after hypoxia stress. Functional enrichment analysis by KEGG and GSEA demonstrated that HIF signal network system was significantly activated and cell cycle process was remarkably suppressed in response to hypoxia. According to the temporal gene expression profiles, six clusters were generated and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed for the two clusters that enriched with hypoxia-induced (cluster 2) or -suppressed genes (cluster 5), respectively. Results showed that HIF signaling related genes including vegfa, igf1, edn1, cox2b, cxcr4b, ctnnb1, and slc2a1a, were recognized as hubs in cluster 2, while mcm2, chek1, pole, mcm5, pola1, and rfc4, that tightly related to cell cycle, were down-regulated and considered as hubs in cluster 5. Furthermore, a total of 410 differential alternative splicing (DAS) genes were identified after hypoxia, which were closely associated with spliceosome. Of them, 63 DAS genes also showed differentially expressed levels after hypoxia, suggesting that their expression changes might be regulated by AS mechanism. This study revealed the key biological pathways and AS events affected by hypoxia, which would help us to better understand the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia response in spotted sea bass and other fish species.</p