Bridged Bowtie Aperture Antenna for Producing an Electromagnetic Hot Spot

In this work we report a new type of nanostructure, the bridged bowtie aperture (BBA) antenna, for producing a simultaneously enhanced and confined electric and magnetic near field. The optical nanocircuit theory is employed to reveal its underlying mechanism. The electric near-field distribution of the nanostructure is observed using transmission-type s-SNOM at the nanoscale, and the magnetic near-field distribution is then derived from the electric near field of a complementary BBA structure using Babinet’s principle. To our knowledge, the generation of such an electromagnetic hot spot has never been experimentally demonstrated. Relative to the existing nanostructures that can produce an electromagnetic hot spot, the BBA antenna has apparent advantages, which offers a new approach for nonlinear optics, surface-enhanced spectroscopy, biosensing, and metamaterials

Supplementary document for Broadband achromatic and wide field-of-view single-layer metalenses in the mid-infrared - 6641886.pdf

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Supplementary document for Broadband achromatic and wide field-of-view single-layer metalenses in the mid-infrared - 6648865.pdf

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Effects of different potassium chloride supplies on foliar K, water and chlorophyll contents and growth parameters of <i>P. vulgaris</i>.

<p>Note: Each value represents the mean ± SE (n = 10). The values that are followed by the different letter in the same lines are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (<i>P</i><0.05). K0, K1, K2 and K3 indicate 0, 1.00, 6.00 and 40.00 mM KCl, respectively.</p

Effects of different potassium chloride supplies on yields of rosmarinic acid (RA), ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA) and total flavonoids in the spicas of <i>P. vulgaris</i>.

<p>Note: Each value is equal to the mean ± SE (n = 3). Values that are followed by a different letter in the same line are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (<i>P</i><0.05). K0, K1, K2 and K3 indicate 0, 1.00, 6.00 and 40.00 mM KCl, respectively.</p

Effects of different potassium chloride concentrations on the contents of rosmarinic acid (RA), ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA) and total flavonoids in the spicas of <i>P. vulgaris</i>.

<p>Note: Each value represents the mean ± SE (n = 3). Values that are followed by a different letter in the same line are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (<i>P</i><0.05). K0, K1, K2 and K3 indicate 0, 1.00, 6.00 and 40.00 mM KCl, respectively.</p

Effects of different potassium chloride supplies on net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Cond) in the leaves of <i>P. vulgaris</i>.

<p>Note: Each value is presented as the mean ± SE (n = 6). Values that are followed by a different letter in the same line are significantly different according to Duncan's multiple range test (<i>P</i><0.05). K0, K1, K2 and K3 indicate 0, 1.00, 6.00 and 40.00 mM KCl, respectively.</p

Newly born mesenchymal cells have increased probability of dermal condensate entry.

(A) Timing and proportion of tracked dividing and non-dividing cells entering the condensates as a cumulative percentage. Vertical dashed lines and asterisks indicate time windows and significance levels for a Fisher’s exact test (S1 Table). Time 0 is the point of mitosis for dividing cells. Cells from 0 to 180 min post-mitosis have an increased rate of condensate entry compared to all other cells (*p p p n = 8 from 4 independent embryos, mean number of dividing cells tracked per video = 42, non-dividing cells tracked per video = 50. (B) Averaged spatially dependent variance (variogram) in mitosis angles. Approximately 70% of the variance in the mitosis angle occurs within a distance of 0 to 60 μm from the condensate (Monte Carlo probability p n = 5 from 5 independent embryos, mean number of mitosis angles plotted per video n = 622. (C) Upper: Cell division angles relative to their nearest condensate for a single representative time-lapse sequence. Black lines indicate direction of mitosis, green lines connect division events to the condensate centre, from which angles relative to the condensate were calculated. Lower: heat map of the cell division angles relative to nearest dermal condensate for the same dataset (black circle = centre). The coordinate system used is indicated in the top left-hand corner. The raw mitosis angle and follicle position data for B and C can be found in S2 Data. (D) Schematic of the agent-based model of mesenchymal cell division composed of a mitotic jump (left panel) displacing the daughters in diametrically opposite directions (at angle θ from the horizontal) followed by a persistent random walk (right panel—dashed lines). The angle of migration of step i, relative to the direction of the mitotic jump, is represented by Φi, and the distance travelled in each step is represented by dpers. (E) Plot showing the percentage (+/− SEM; n = 8) of simulated dividing and non-dividing cells entering a condensate in the model. Dashed blue and green lines indicate the proportion of dividing and non-dividing cells entering condensates, respectively, from experimental data. (F) Plot showing percentage of dividing and non-dividing cells entering a condensate against their initial position relative to the condensate centre from experimental data. Lineages with recent divisions can be recruited from further away. Time-lapse videos n = 8 from 4 independent embryos, mean number of dividing cells tracked per video = 42, non-dividing cells tracked per video = 50. (G) Initial locations of dividing (left) and non-dividing (right) agents that ultimately enter a condensate, from simulation. (H) For cells entering follicles, the probability density of entry from a given starting distance for dividing (blue) and non-dividing (green) cells–modelled (left) and experimental (right). The raw tracking data for A and E–H can be found in S1 Data. Scale bars in C = 100 μm; scale bar in G = 50 μm. SEM, standard error of the mean.</p

Time-lapse imaging of cells dividing within a dermal condensate in TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP mouse skin.

Confocal time-lapse imaging of a cultured E13.5 TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP skin explant. Magenta and cyan dots highlight nuclei that have divided within a condensate, magenta and cyan circles indicate the point at which cells divide. In contrast to the general dermal mesenchyme, dividing cells within dermal condensates produce daughters that remain in close proximity to one another. (AVI)</p

Mitotic orientations are locally aligned in embryonic mesenchyme.

(A) Distribution of mitotic angles (n = 1,135) in a TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP skin explant culture (left panel) and representative frame showing coherence of mitotic orientations (right panel). Daughter nucleus pairs are connected by white lines, showing the angle of mitosis. The raw mitosis angle data for A can be found in S2 Data. (B) Schematic of whole embryo culture and multiphoton imaging with corresponding image of the trunk skin of an E13.5 TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP embryo. (C, D) Speed (C) and Euclidean distance travelled (D) by tracked dividing and non-dividing cells. Whole embryo time-lapse from 3 independent embryos, average number of divisions tracked/video = 65, non-dividing cells tracked/video = 50. In dividing cell plots, time 0 = mitosis. (E) Distribution of angles (n = 43) of division from TCF/Lef::H2B-GFP whole mouse embryo imaging; 0 and 180 degrees are parallel to the A-P axis. (F) Spatial distribution of mitotic angles in E (white overlaid lines), with heat map showing areas where angles are correlated. Right panel shows areas (overlain in black) containing no significant local correlation (i.e., mitotic angles are random). The coordinate system used is indicated in the top left-hand corner. The randomness ratio (proportion of black area to total area) calculated at a significance level of 0.01, ranged from 14% to 21% between the fields of view analysed. The raw tracking and mitosis position data for C–F can be found in S3 Data. Error bars represent SEM. Scale bar in A = 50 μm; scale bar in B = 100 μm. A-P, anterior-posterior; SEM, standard error of the mean.</p