DataSheet_1_Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal phenotype formation differences between russet and non-russet apples.xlsx

The apple is an economically important fruit, and fruit russeting is not conducive to its appearance. Although studies have examined fruit russeting, its mechanism remains unclear. Two apple strains of the F1 hybrid population derived from ‘Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were used in this study. We found that the skin of russet apples was rough and fissured, while that of non-russet apples was smooth and waxy. Chemical staining, LC- and GC-MS showed that both lignin and suberin were increased in russet apple skin. Meanwhile, genes involved in lignin and suberin synthetic pathways were upregulated in russet apple skin. Additionally, we found many differentially expressed genes (DEGs1) involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling and stress responses in the two apple strains. We found that WRKY13 may influence russeting by regulating lignin synthesis. Our study identified several candidate metabolites and genes, which will provide a good foundation for further research.</p

DataSheet_2_Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal phenotype formation differences between russet and non-russet apples.docx

The apple is an economically important fruit, and fruit russeting is not conducive to its appearance. Although studies have examined fruit russeting, its mechanism remains unclear. Two apple strains of the F1 hybrid population derived from ‘Fuji’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were used in this study. We found that the skin of russet apples was rough and fissured, while that of non-russet apples was smooth and waxy. Chemical staining, LC- and GC-MS showed that both lignin and suberin were increased in russet apple skin. Meanwhile, genes involved in lignin and suberin synthetic pathways were upregulated in russet apple skin. Additionally, we found many differentially expressed genes (DEGs1) involved in hormone biosynthesis and signaling and stress responses in the two apple strains. We found that WRKY13 may influence russeting by regulating lignin synthesis. Our study identified several candidate metabolites and genes, which will provide a good foundation for further research.</p

Light-Harvesting Nanoparticle Core–Shell Clusters with Controllable Optical Output

We used DNA self-assembly methods to fabricate a series of core–shell gold nanoparticle–DNA–colloidal quantum dot (AuNP–DNA–Qdot) nanoclusters with satellite-like architecture to modulate optical (photoluminescence) response. By varying the intercomponent distance through the DNA linker length designs, we demonstrate precise tuning of the plasmon–exciton interaction and the optical behavior of the nanoclusters from regimes characterized by photoluminescence quenching to photoluminescence enhancement. The combination of detailed X-ray scattering probing with photoluminescence intensity and lifetime studies revealed the relation between the cluster structure and its optical output. Compared to conventional light-harvesting systems like conjugated polymers and multichromophoric dendrimers, the proposed nanoclusters bring enhanced flexibility in controlling the optical behavior toward a desired application, and they can be regarded as controllable optical switches <i>via</i> the optically pumped color

Hybrid Colloidal Stabilization Mechanism toward Improved Photoluminescence and Stability of CdSe/CdS Core/Shell Quantum Dots

Colloidal quantum dots can be stabilized in either a polar solvent or a nonpolar solvent depending on their surface chemistry. The former is typically achieved by charge stabilization while the latter by steric hindrance. This allows reversible tuning of their surface polarity for targeted application by engineering their ligand profile. Here we developed a hybrid stabilization approach that leveraged a combination of steric hindrance and charge stabilization simultaneously. We demonstrated this mechanism in a phase transfer process where hexane dispersed and hydrophobic CdSe/CdS core/shell quantum dots were exchanged into the hydrophilic dimethylformamide (DMF) phase. This was achieved by employing both Z-type cadmium acetate and X-type halide ligands. The results suggested only by using this hybrid stabilization strategy were we able to achieve good colloidal stability while preserving their photoluminescence quantum yield. This hybrid ligand strategy may promise new opportunities for the application of QDs in optoelectronic areas

Imparting Stable and Ultrahigh Proton Conductivity to a Layered Rare Earth Hydroxide via Ion Exchange

Proton conductors are essential functional materials with a wide variety of potential applications in energy storage and conversion. In order to address the issues of low proton conductivity and poor stability in conventional proton conductors, a simple and valid ion-exchange method was proposed in this study for the introduction of stable and ultrahigh proton conductivity in layered rare earth hydroxides (LRHs). Test analyses by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction revealed that the exchange of H2PO4– not only does not disrupt the layered structure of LRHs, but also creates more active proton sites and channels necessary for proton transport, thereby creating a high-performance proton conductor (LRH-H2PO4–). By utilizing this ion-exchange method, the proton conductivity of LRHs can be significantly enhanced from a low level to an ultrahigh level (>10–2 S·cm–1), while maintaining excellent long-term stability. Moreover, through methodically manipulating the guest ions and molecules housed within the interlayers of LRHs, a comprehensive explanation has been presented regarding the proficient mechanism of proton conduction in LRH-H2PO4–. As a result, this investigation presents a feasible and available approach for advancing proton conductor

Data for TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.

<p>A. Untreated cells (No Rosup or anthocyanin treatment); B. 200 μM anthocyanin-treated cells; C. 250 μg/mL Rosup-treated cells; D. 200 μM anthocyanin and 250 μg/mL Rosup-treated cells; E. The quantitative data. R-A-: no Rosup or anthocyanin treatment (control); R-A+: anthocyanin treatment while no Rosup treatment; R+A-: Rosup treatment while no anthocyanin treatment; R+A+: both Rosup and anthocyanin treatment. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01.</p

Protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bax in porcine granulose cells (GCs) by Western blotting.

<p>A. Images for Bcl-2 and Bax in porcine GCs in different treatments. Actin was used as the loading control. B. The relative protein level (Bcl-2/Bax). R-A-: no Rosup or anthocyanin treatment (control); R-A+: anthocyanin treatment while no Rosup treatment; R+A-: Rosup treatment while no anthocyanin treatment; R+A+: both Rosup and anthocyanin treatment. Compared to the control group, * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01.</p

Effect of anthocyanin treatment on intracellular ROS levels assayed with 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescent probe in porcine granulose cells (GCs).

<p>A (A’). Control (untreated with 250 μg/mL Rosup); B (B’). 200 μM anthocyanins; C (C’). 250 μg/mL Rosup; D (D’). 200 μM anthocyanins and 250 μg/mL Rosup; E (E’). Quantitative data for DCFH-DA and DHE. R-A-: no Rosup or anthocyanin treatment (control); R-A+: anthocyanin treatment while no Rosup treatment; R+A-: Rosup treatment while no anthocyanin treatment; R+A+: both Rosup and anthocyanin treatment. The results are expressed as averages ± SE, * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01.</p

Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels assayed with 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescent probe in porcine granulose cells (GCs) treated with Rosup and/or anthocyanins.

<p>A. Blank control (untreated with DCFH-DA probe; untreated with Rosup or anthocyanins); B. Negative control (treated with DCFH-DA probe; untreated with Rosup or anthocyanins); C. Positive control and 0 μM anthocyanins (just treated with 250 μg/mL Rosup); D. 20 μM anthocyanins and Rosup (250 μg/mL); E. 60 μM anthocyanins and Rosup (250 μg/mL); F, 200 μM anthocyanins and Rosup (250 μg/mL).</p

The activity of enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD1), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and the content of glutathione (GSH) in porcine granulose cells (GCs).

<p>A. The activity of SOD1; B. The activity of CAT; C. The activity of GPX1; D. GSH content. All values were normalized to protein level and presented as relative fold changes in comparison to untreated control. Data are present as mean ± SE. R-A-: no Rosup or anthocyanin treatment (control); R-A+: anthocyanin treatment while no Rosup treatment; R+A-: Rosup treatment while no anthocyanin treatment; R+A+: both Rosup and anthocyanin treatment. * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01.</p