Additional file 1 of Changes in effective connectivity during the visual-motor integration tasks: a preliminary f-NIRS study

Additional file 1. This file shows the details of Methods and significant EC values of different networks (or channels) among the three conditions

Thermal Regulation of Colloidal Materials Architecture through Orthogonal Functionalizable Patchy Particles

This contribution presents a sol–gel based cluster encapsulation methodology to produce bifunctional patchy particles. The particles possess azide moieties on the surfaces of the patch and carboxylic acids on the shell. Two types of DNA with distinct terminal sequences are site-specifically conjugated to the particle patches or the shell employing two orthogonal coupling strategies: strain-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition and carbodiimide-mediated amidation. We can activate and deactivate assembly on the patches and/or the shell through thermal control, demonstrating reversible and stepwise self-assembly

Influence of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> on the antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaves and roots of maize seedlings in saline–alkaline soil.

<p>(A) SOD activity. (B) POD activity. (C) CAT activity. (D) GPX activity. (E) GR activity. (F) APX activity. X–L: XY335 leaves, J–L: JY417 leaves, X–R: XY335 roots, J–R: JY417 roots. The determination of these parameters was done on the 27^th d after <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> application. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate the significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between the different treatments. Vertical bars represent the standard error of means (±S.E).</p

Dependence of innate lymphoid cell 1 development on NKp46

<div><p>NKp46, a natural killer (NK) cell–activating receptor, is involved in NK cell cytotoxicity against virus-infected cells or tumor cells. However, the role of NKp46 in other NKp46⁺ non-NK innate lymphoid cell (ILC) populations has not yet been characterized. Here, an NKp46 deficiency model of natural cytotoxicity receptor 1 (<i>Ncr1</i>)^gfp/gfp and <i>Ncr1</i>^gfp/+ mice, i.e., homozygous and heterozygous knockout (KO), was used to explore the role of NKp46 in regulating the development of the NKp46⁺ ILCs. Surprisingly, our studies demonstrated that homozygous NKp46 deficiency resulted in a nearly complete depletion of the ILC1 subset (ILC1) of group 1 ILCs, and heterozygote KO decreased the number of cells in the ILC1 subset. Moreover, transplantation studies confirmed that ILC1 development depends on NKp46 and that the dependency is cell intrinsic. Interestingly, however, the cell depletion specifically occurred in the ILC1 subset but not in the other ILCs, including ILC2s, ILC3s, and NK cells. Thus, our studies reveal that NKp46 selectively participates in the regulation of ILC1 development.</p></div

Influence of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> on the ion content in the leaves and roots of maize grown on saline–alkaline soil.

<p>Influence of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> on the ion content in the leaves and roots of maize grown on saline–alkaline soil.</p

High-Density PEO‑<i>b</i>‑DNA Brushes on Polymer Particles for Colloidal Superstructures

We demonstrate a method to create high-density DNA coatings on colloidal particles that can be used for DNA-mediated self-assembly of single- and multiple-component colloidal crystals. First, we modify an amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisting of a hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) block and a hydrophilic poly­(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block with azide functional groups at the end (poly­(ethylene oxide)-N₃). Then, we introduce the diblock copolymers into an aqueous suspension of colloidal polymer particles swollen with a solvent. The hydrophobic PS anchoring block is incorporated into the swollen polymer spheres and physically trapped when the solvent is removed, resulting in a dense PEO polymer brush with azide functional end groups. Finally, single-stranded DNA strands with sticky ends are attached to the azide groups using strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC, a copper-free click chemistry). This procedure results in a high areal coverage of up to 225 000 DNA strands on 1-μm-diameter particles. The ssDNA-coated particles with sticky ends can readily form either face-centered-cubic (fcc) or cesium chloride (CsCl) crystal structures when annealed just below the melting temperature of the DNA-coated particles

Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) staining of maize leaves.

<p>(A) Leaves from 27-d-old JY417. (B) Leaves from 27-d-old XY335. Con1, A1, A2, and A3 indicate 0, 1 × 10³, 1 × 10⁶, and 1 × 10⁹ spores/L of the fungal suspension, respectively, infiltrated with NBT. The staining was performed on the 3^rd leaf of the maize seedlings; the leaves were cut into two segments because of the difficulty in staining longer leaves.</p

Effect of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> on the total glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the maize leaves and roots on saline–alkaline soil.

<p>Effect of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> on the total glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio in the maize leaves and roots on saline–alkaline soil.</p

Alleviation of the effects of saline-alkaline stress on maize seedlings by regulation of active oxygen metabolism by <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i>

<div><p>This study investigated the influence of <i>Trichoderma asperellum</i> on active oxygen production in maize seedlings under saline–alkaline stress conditions. Two maize cultivars were tested: ‘Jiangyu 417’ (‘JY417’), which can tolerate saline–alkaline stress; and, ‘Xianyu 335’ (‘XY335’), which is sensitive to saline–alkaline stress. The seedlings were grown on natural saline–alkaline soil (pH 9.30) in plastic pots. To each liter of saline–alkaline soil, 200 mL of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> spore suspension was applied; three fungal suspensions were used, namely, 1 × 10³, 1 × 10⁶, and 1 × 10⁹ spores/L. A control with only the vehicle applied was also established, along with a second control in which untreated meadow soil (pH 8.23) was used. Root and leaf samples were collected when the seedlings had three heart-shaped leaves and the fourth was in the developmental phase. Physical and biochemical parameters related to oxidation resistance were assessed. The results indicated that the ‘JY417’ and ‘XY335’ seedlings showed different degrees of oxidative damage and differences in their antioxidant defense systems under saline–alkaline stress. As the spore density of the fungal suspension increased, the K⁺ and Ca²⁺ contents in the seedlings increased, but Na⁺ content decreased. Moreover, fungal treatment promoted the synthesis or accumulation of osmolytes, which enhanced the water absorbing capacity of the cells, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, enhanced the content of non-enzyme antioxidants, and reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Fungal treatment alleviated oxidative damage caused by the saline–alkaline stress in roots and leaves of the seedlings. The application of <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> overcame the inhibitory effect of saline–alkaline soil stress on the growth of maize seedlings. In the present experiment, application with 1 × 10⁹ spores/L gave the optimal results.</p></div

Influence of <i>Trichoderma</i> on the ratio of ion content in the leaves and roots of maize grown on saline–alkaline soil.

<p>(A) K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. (B) Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratio. X–L: XY335 leaves, J–L: JY417 leaves, X–R: XY335 roots, J–R: JY417 roots. The determination of these parameters was done on the 27^th d after <i>T</i>. <i>asperellum</i> application. Note: Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate the significant differences (<i>P</i> < 0.05) between the different treatments. Vertical bars represent the standard error of means (±S.E).</p