EDITORIAL

<p>To make comparisons among the different modes for each strain gauge, each strain was normalized with respect to the average among the fixation modes. The average and standard deviation of the seven specimens are plotted.</p

Social Protection and Child Protection: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

There is widespread recognition that children are a particularly vulnerable group; they have different basic needs than adults do, they are dependent on others for the fulfilment of their needs and the denial of those needs can have far-reaching and long-term adverse consequences (Roelen and Sabates-Wheeler 2012, White, Leavy, and Masters 2003, Sabates-Wheeler, Devereux, and Hodges 2009). The policy areas of social protection and child protection are part and parcel of the response to children and their vulnerabilities. Nevertheless, both policy areas have largely developed in silos (Roelen, Long, and Edstrom 2012). This holds in both academic and policy terms. Whilst issues of child protection are mostly dealt with in disciplines of child psychology and childhood studies, social protection is largely appropriated by economists and social scientists. Similarly, national governments, international organisations and NGOs often deal with issues of child protection and social protection in different departments and through distinct sectoral policies. It is increasingly recognised that this dichotomy is artificial (Shibuya and Taylor 2013), and that it compromises the effectiveness of the response to the wide set of needs of vulnerable children

Additional file 1 of M2 macrophages-derived exosomes regulate osteoclast differentiation by the CSF2/TNF-α axis

Supplementary Material 1: Supplementary information-original western blot image

Bank deregulation and corporate social responsibility

We show how external credit market development can affect corporate social responsibility. Using a sample of US public firms over the period 1991–2010, we find that bank deregulation negatively affects CSR performance. We argue that deregulation-induced banking competition enhances credit accessibility, thereby reducing firms’ incentives to pursue CSR as a means of securing stakeholder rewards. Empirical evidence shows that firms increase their use of debt financing in response to the intensified banking competition, and these firms experience a more pronounced decline in CSR performance. We alleviate the potential concern that the observed decline in CSR could be attributed to changes in bank monitoring following deregulation. Further analyses find that firms reduce CSR regardless of their material nature, suggesting that the primary driver of CSR could be the trade-off between costs and returns. Overall, our findings shed light on the strategic motives of CSR, which exhibits adaptability in response to business dynamism. </p

Bank regulation and systemic risk: cross country evidence

Using data for banks from 65 countries for the period 2001–2013, we investigate the impact of bank regulation and supervision on individual banks’ systemic risk. Our cross-country empirical findings show that bank activity restriction, initial capital stringency and prompt corrective action are all positively related to systemic risk, measured by Marginal Expected Shortfall. We use the staggered timing of the implementation of Basel II regulation across countries as an exogenous event and use latitude for instrumental variable analysis to alleviate the endogeneity concern. Our results also hold for various robustness tests. We further find that the level of equity banks can alleviate such effect, while bank size is likely to enhance the effect, supporting our conjecture that the impact of bank regulation and supervision on systemic risk is through bank’s capital shortfall. Our results do not argue against bank regulation, but rather focus on the design and implementation of regulation

Reaction-Based Colorimetric Cyanide Chemosensors: Rapid Naked-Eye Detection and High Selectivity

Taking advantages of both the well-known azobenzene structure and the special nucleophilicity of cyanide toward the acceptor moiety, a new ratiometric colorimetric chemodosimeter (<b>Azo-1</b>) toward cyanide anion was designed and synthesized by using intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) as a signaling mechanism. Upon the addition of CN^– anion, the probe displayed apparent color changes from deep red to light yellow, which could be observed by naked eyes. With the aid of the UV–vis spectrometer, the detection limit could be as low as 1.1 μM. The probe possessed high selectivity for cyanide with respect to other common anions. In addition, <b>Azo-1</b> could serve as practical colorimetric probe for “in-the-field” measurements that would not require any additional equipment by virtue of “dip-sticks” approach

Additional file 1 of Simplified S1 vertebral bone quality score independently predicts proximal junctional kyphosis after surgery for degenerative lumbar scoliosis

Additional file: Table S1. The ICC values of quantitative parameters between two spine surgeons

Stress nephogram of the intervertebral graft and posterior instrumentation on the right side under flexion.

<p>Grey color region indicated the over 70 MPa Von Mises stresses distribution. Cage and bone graft were showed on the left and the posterior instrumentations were showed on the right.</p