Effects of food quality and predator danger on individual feeding time.

<p>Bar patterns and standard error bars as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075841#pone-0075841-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>. Different letters indicate significant differences. Mean feeding times at the feeder arrays in (A) experiment 1, (B) experiment 2, and (C) experiment 3 parts A and B. In experiment 3 part A, feeders had sucrose only (bars with thick lines). Part B used the same range of sucrose concentrations, but with the indicated hornet species at the higher sucrose concentrations.</p

Hornets are a threat.

<p>Hornets (scaled photos shown) are (A) attacked by <i>A. cerana</i> colonies and (B) attack <i>A. cerana</i> foraging on natural flowers. Standard error bars are shown. We indicate significant differences with different letters.</p

How bee colonies allocate foraging among food sources with different food qualities and levels of predator danger.

<p>Sucrose-only feeders are shown as white bars, the butterfly control as a striped bar and the small (sm) and big hornet species as gray and black bars, respectively. Standard error bars are shown. In each graph, different letters indicate significant differences. We show the mean number of foragers at the feeder arrays in (A) experiment 1, (B) experiment 2, and (C) experiment 3 parts A and B. In experiment 3 part A, feeders had sucrose only (bars with thick lines). Part B used the same range of sucrose concentrations, but with the indicated hornet species at the higher sucrose concentrations.</p

Effects of food quality and predator danger on individual forager choices.

<p>Bar patterns and error bars as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075841#pone-0075841-g002" target="_blank">Fig. 2</a>. Different letters indicate significant differences. We show the proportion of bee choices for the feeders in (A) experiment 1, (B) experiment 2, and (C) experiment 3 parts A and B. In experiment 3 part A, feeders had sucrose only (bars with thick lines). Part B used the same range of sucrose concentrations, but with the indicated hornet species at the higher sucrose concentrations.</p

The effect of imidacloprid on the percentage of bees choosing a safe over a dangerous feeder.

<p>Stars above bars indicate treatments in which bees significantly avoided the dangerous feeder (<i>P</i><0.05). Different shades of gray correspond to different imidacloprid concentrations. A dashed line shows the null hypothesis expectation: 50% of bees choose the safe feeder.</p

Mean proportion of choices for the safe feeder over five trials.

<p>The different treatments are identified above each plot (1 = all choices for safe feeder). Different shades of gray correspond to different imidacloprid concentrations. Standard error bars are shown.</p

Table4_Comparative Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA Expression and Immune Response in Mild and Severe COVID-19.XLSX

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide emergency, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not encode proteins but could participate in immune response.Methods: In our study, 39 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The microarray of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and COVID-19 patients was applied to identify the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs. Identified differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Then, the lncRNA–mRNA network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape (3.6.1) based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The enrichment of DE mRNAs was analyzed using Metascape. The difference in frequencies of immune cells and cytokines was detected using CIBERSORT and ImmPort based on DE mRNAs.Results: All patients with COVID-19 displayed lymphopenia, especially in T cells, and hyper-inflammatory responses, including IL-6 and TNF-α. Four immune-related lncRNAs in COVID-19 were found and further validated, including AC136475.9, CATG00000032642.1, G004246, and XLOC_013290. Functional analysis enriched in downregulation of the T-cell receptor and the antigen processing and presentation as well as increased apoptotic proteins, which could lead to T-cell cytopenia. In addition, they participated in monocyte remodeling, which contributed to releasing cytokines and chemokines and then recruiting more monocytes and aggravating the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: Taken together, four lncRNAs were in part of immune response in COVID-19, which was involved in the T-cell cytopenia by downregulating the antigen processing and presentation, the T-cell receptor, and an increased proportion of monocytes, with a distinct change in cytokines and chemokines.</p

Image3_Comparative Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA Expression and Immune Response in Mild and Severe COVID-19.TIF

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide emergency, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not encode proteins but could participate in immune response.Methods: In our study, 39 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The microarray of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and COVID-19 patients was applied to identify the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs. Identified differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Then, the lncRNA–mRNA network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape (3.6.1) based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The enrichment of DE mRNAs was analyzed using Metascape. The difference in frequencies of immune cells and cytokines was detected using CIBERSORT and ImmPort based on DE mRNAs.Results: All patients with COVID-19 displayed lymphopenia, especially in T cells, and hyper-inflammatory responses, including IL-6 and TNF-α. Four immune-related lncRNAs in COVID-19 were found and further validated, including AC136475.9, CATG00000032642.1, G004246, and XLOC_013290. Functional analysis enriched in downregulation of the T-cell receptor and the antigen processing and presentation as well as increased apoptotic proteins, which could lead to T-cell cytopenia. In addition, they participated in monocyte remodeling, which contributed to releasing cytokines and chemokines and then recruiting more monocytes and aggravating the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: Taken together, four lncRNAs were in part of immune response in COVID-19, which was involved in the T-cell cytopenia by downregulating the antigen processing and presentation, the T-cell receptor, and an increased proportion of monocytes, with a distinct change in cytokines and chemokines.</p

Table2_Comparative Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA Expression and Immune Response in Mild and Severe COVID-19.XLS

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide emergency, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not encode proteins but could participate in immune response.Methods: In our study, 39 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The microarray of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and COVID-19 patients was applied to identify the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs. Identified differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Then, the lncRNA–mRNA network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape (3.6.1) based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The enrichment of DE mRNAs was analyzed using Metascape. The difference in frequencies of immune cells and cytokines was detected using CIBERSORT and ImmPort based on DE mRNAs.Results: All patients with COVID-19 displayed lymphopenia, especially in T cells, and hyper-inflammatory responses, including IL-6 and TNF-α. Four immune-related lncRNAs in COVID-19 were found and further validated, including AC136475.9, CATG00000032642.1, G004246, and XLOC_013290. Functional analysis enriched in downregulation of the T-cell receptor and the antigen processing and presentation as well as increased apoptotic proteins, which could lead to T-cell cytopenia. In addition, they participated in monocyte remodeling, which contributed to releasing cytokines and chemokines and then recruiting more monocytes and aggravating the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: Taken together, four lncRNAs were in part of immune response in COVID-19, which was involved in the T-cell cytopenia by downregulating the antigen processing and presentation, the T-cell receptor, and an increased proportion of monocytes, with a distinct change in cytokines and chemokines.</p

Image5_Comparative Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA Expression and Immune Response in Mild and Severe COVID-19.TIF

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a worldwide emergency, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) do not encode proteins but could participate in immune response.Methods: In our study, 39 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. The microarray of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy and COVID-19 patients was applied to identify the expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs. Identified differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Then, the lncRNA–mRNA network was constructed and visualized using Cytoscape (3.6.1) based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The enrichment of DE mRNAs was analyzed using Metascape. The difference in frequencies of immune cells and cytokines was detected using CIBERSORT and ImmPort based on DE mRNAs.Results: All patients with COVID-19 displayed lymphopenia, especially in T cells, and hyper-inflammatory responses, including IL-6 and TNF-α. Four immune-related lncRNAs in COVID-19 were found and further validated, including AC136475.9, CATG00000032642.1, G004246, and XLOC_013290. Functional analysis enriched in downregulation of the T-cell receptor and the antigen processing and presentation as well as increased apoptotic proteins, which could lead to T-cell cytopenia. In addition, they participated in monocyte remodeling, which contributed to releasing cytokines and chemokines and then recruiting more monocytes and aggravating the clinical severity of COVID-19 patients.Conclusion: Taken together, four lncRNAs were in part of immune response in COVID-19, which was involved in the T-cell cytopenia by downregulating the antigen processing and presentation, the T-cell receptor, and an increased proportion of monocytes, with a distinct change in cytokines and chemokines.</p