Image_2_Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of IncX3 Plasmid Carrying blaNDM-7 in Escherichia coli Sequence Type 167 Isolated From a Patient With Urinary Tract Infection.TIF

Infections due to New Delhi metallo-beta lactamase (NDM)-7-producing Escherichia coli are infrequent and sporadic. In this study, we report one case of recurrent urinary tract infection caused by blaNDM-7-producing E. coli belonging to phylogenetic group A, sequence type (ST) 167. In this study, we aimed to describe the genotype and phenotype of blaNDM-7-producing E. coli in China. The isolate exhibited resistance to β-lactam antimicrobials, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and aminoglycosides. blaNDM-7 is located on a conjugative plasmid designated pJN05NDM-7 belonging to type IncX3. pJN05NDM-7 was fully sequenced and compared with all publicly available blaNDM-7-harboring plasmids. pJN05NDM-7 is almost identical to pKpN01-NDM7 and pKW53T, although the plasmids are geographically unrelated. The comparison of IncX3 plasmids harboring blaNDM in China showed high similarity, with genetic differences within insertion fragments. Notably, the differences in plasmids of animal and human origin were insignificant, because only one plasmid showed deletion inside the ISAba125 region compared with pJN05NDM7. Our study demonstrates that E. coli carrying IncX3 plasmids play an important role as a reservoir and in the spread of blaNDM. Further studies should be performed to control the dissemination of blaNDM among food animals.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Using Whole Genome Sequencing to Trace, Control and Characterize a Hospital Infection of IMP-4-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST2253 in a Neonatal Unit in a Tertiary Hospital, China.PDF

Background: The purpose of this study is to use whole genome sequencing (WGS) combined with epidemiological data to track a hospital infection of the carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP), which affected 3 neonatal patients in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the antimicrobial agents were determined according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Beta-lactamases were investigated using the polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. The transferability of the plasmid was investigated by a conjugation experiment. The clonal relationships were evaluated using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). WGS and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) analysis were performed on the CRKP isolates to investigate how the infection might progress.Results: Nine CRKP isolates were obtained from the NICU, seven from three patients, one from a duster cloth and one from the hand of a nurse, they all harbored blaIMP-4. Other resistance genes including blaKPC-2, blaIMP-4, blaSHV-1, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and blaDHA-1 were also detected. PFGE analysis showed that IMP-4-producing K. pneumoniae were clonally related, and MLST assigned them to a new sequence type 2253. The SNP variations throughout the genome divided the 9 strains into three clades. Clade 1 comprised 7 strains (K1- K2 and K4-K8), whereas clade 2 and 3 consisted of only one strain each: K3 and K9, respectively.The sputum isolate K3 from patient 3 was the most distinct one differing from the other eight isolates by 239-275 SNPs.Conclusions: This is a report of using WGS to track a hospital infecion of IMP-4-producing K. pneumoniae ST2253 among neonates. Nosocomial surveillance systems are needed to limit the spread of the infection caused by these pathogens resulting from the environmental exposure in NICUs.</p

Subgroup analyses by medium type.

Subgroup analyses by medium type.</p

Summary of the included studies.

Summary of the included studies.</p

Role of Wettability Alteration in Enhanced Oil Recovery by In Situ Combustion: A Comprehensive Experimental and Modeling Study

In situ combustion (ISC) is a primary technique used to enhance oil recovery in heavy oil reservoirs. By performing controlled burning of the oil in place, the heavy oil is expected to be lighter and easier to flow. Conventional studies mainly considered the viscosity reduction during this process. This ISC process may change the fluid-rock wettability. However, the role of wettability alteration is not well investigated during ISC. To fill this knowledge gap, we performed ISC and measured the dynamic surface wettability changes under different combustion temperatures. Furthermore, relative permeability curves were interpolated to quantify the effects of wettability changes in heavy oil recovery during ISC. This study revealed wettability change during ISC. As the temperature increases, the contact angle decreases. At firing temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 °C, the rock wettability changed to hydrophilicity, with a stronger hydrophilicity observed at higher temperatures. However, at 200 °C, the hydrophilicity was not strong. This was due to the low-temperature oxidation of the crude oil at the combustion temperature of 200 °C, and the oxidized oil was attached to the rock surface, causing the rock wettability to become hydrophobic. Numerical simulation results demonstrated that the transition from oil-wet to strong hydrophilic wettability is favorable for oil recovery, resulting in an increased recovery factor of 8.75%. This confirms that wettability alteration in the reservoir is one of the main mechanisms for heavy oil recovery during ISC. These findings indicate the influence of reservoir wettability on oil recovery during the ISC process and contribute to further understanding of the ISC mechanism

Flow chart of study selection.

<p>Of 1282 citations identified, 1229 were excluded after reviewing titles and abstracts. Full-text review of the remaining 53 articles yielded 33 papers meeting eligibility criteria. Because several studies made more than one comparison, there were 40 unique studies.</p

Summarized diagnostic accuracy of GenoType MTBDR<i>plus</i>.

Summarized diagnostic accuracy of GenoType MTBDRplus.</p

Quality assessment of included studies.

<p>Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies version 2: risk of bias and applicability concerns summary of MTBDR<i>plus</i> for the detection of drug resistance.</p

Subgroup analyses by specimen type.

<p>Subgroup analyses by specimen type.</p

Forest plots of the pooled sensitivity and specificity and SROC curve of MTBDR<i>plus</i> for detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.

<p>(A). Forest plots of the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Each solid square represents an individual study. Error bars represent 95% CI. Diamond indicates the pooled sensitivity and specificity for all of the studies. (B). SROC curve.</p