Perbandingan Perhitungan Trafik Jam Sibuk CDMA 2000 1x Pada BTS Inner City Dan BTS Outer City Dengan Mempergunakan Metode ADPH, TCBH, FDMH Dan FDMP

Cellular communication system is a wireless communication system where the subscriber can move within a wide network coverage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiuser access technology that is each user uses a unique code contained in the access channel in the system. Calculation and determination of peak hours can be done by several methods such as: Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH), Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH), Fixed Daily Measurement Hour (FDMH), Fixed Daily Measurement Period (FDMP). The effectiveness of the channel should be determined by occupancy both at inner city territory and outer city  territory location. Using design Erlang (Erl) for supply channel at Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that provided, BTS has a design Erlang of 369,83 Erl at inner city and it has a design Erlang of 241,8 Erl at outer city. Peak hour on the inner city occurred at 12:00 to 15:00, whereas the outer city of peak hour occurred at 18:00 to 21:00. Effectiveness value that determined by operator are : <20% = low occupancy (not effective), 21% to 69% = normal occupancy (effective), and > 70% = high occupancy (very effective). In this case occupancy values obtained in each method is between 21% to 69% which means effectiv

A non-invasive risk score for predicting incident diabetes among rural Chinese people: A village-based cohort study - Fig 2

<p>(A) Receiver operating characteristic curves for various scores applied to the validation population in HES in 2006–2013. Blue, current diabetes risk score (AUC, 0.686); Purple, China diabetes risk score (AUC, 0.662); Green, Thai risk score (AUC, 0.656); Grey, Korean risk score (AUC, 0.643); Yellow, Japanese risk score (AUC, 0.584); Red, Qingdao risk score (AUC, 0.636). (B) Receiver operating characteristic curves for various scores applied to the validation population in HES in 2006–2013. Blue, current diabetes risk score (AUC, 0.686); Green, FINDRISC score (AUC, 0.681); Grey, French DESIR score (AUC, 0.677); Purple, AUSDRISK score (AUC, 0.655); Yellow, Cambridge risk score (AUC, 0.632); Red, Framingham risk score (AUC, 0.661).</p

A non-invasive risk score for predicting incident diabetes among rural Chinese people: A village-based cohort study

<div><p>Objective</p><p>To develop a new non-invasive risk score for predicting incident diabetes in a rural Chinese population.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Data from the Handan Eye Study conducted from 2006–2013 were utilized as part of this analysis. The present study utilized data generated from 4132 participants who were ≥30 years of age. A non-invasive risk model was derived using two-thirds of the sample cohort (selected randomly) using stepwise logistic regression. The model was subsequently validated using data from individuals from the final third of the sample cohort. In addition, a simple point system for incident diabetes was generated according to the procedures described in the Framingham Study. Incident diabetes was defined as follows: (1) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L; or (2) hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5%; or (3) self-reported diagnosis of diabetes or use of anti-diabetic medications during the follow-up period.</p><p>Results</p><p>The simple non-invasive risk score included age (8 points), Body mass index (BMI) (3 points), waist circumference (WC) (7 points), and family history of diabetes (9 points). The score ranged from 0 to 27 and the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) of the score was 0.686 in the validation sample. At the optimal cutoff value (which was 9), the sensitivity and specificity were 74.32% and 58.82%, respectively.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Using information based upon age, BMI, WC, and family history of diabetes, we developed a simple new non-invasive risk score for predicting diabetes onset in a rural Chinese population, using information from individuals aged 30 years of age and older. The new risk score proved to be more optimal in the prediction of incident diabetes than most of the existing risk scores developed in Western and Asian countries. This score system will aid in the identification of individuals who are at risk of developing incident diabetes in rural China.</p></div

Algorithm to estimate risk for incident type 2 diabetes using total points for the non-invasive model with logistic regression analysis in the 2754 participants of the training population.

<p>Algorithm to estimate risk for incident type 2 diabetes using total points for the non-invasive model with logistic regression analysis in the 2754 participants of the training population.</p

Performance of the present Chinese Diabetes Risk Score and other published scores in Asian and Westerner for predicting incident diabetes in validation population.

<p>Performance of the present Chinese Diabetes Risk Score and other published scores in Asian and Westerner for predicting incident diabetes in validation population.</p

Stepwise logistic regression analyses for non-invasive risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes in the present study.

<p>Stepwise logistic regression analyses for non-invasive risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes in the present study.</p

Flow diagram of recruitment of participants in the analysis.

<p>Flow diagram of recruitment of participants in the analysis.</p

Baseline characteristics of men and women participated included in the present study (n = 4132).

<p>Baseline characteristics of men and women participated included in the present study (n = 4132).</p

Associations of the metabolic syndrome of different definitions and their individual components and cardiovascular disease in Chinese women.

<p>Adjusted for age, education, physical exercise, smoking, alcohol use, family history of coronary heart disease.</p><p>WHO, World Health Organization; NCEP-ATPIII, National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III; IDF, International Diabetes Federation; CDS, Chinese Diabetes Society; JIS, Joint Interim Statement; WHR, waist/hip rate; BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; TGs, triglycerides; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; CHD, coronary heart disease; PAD, peripheral arterial disease.</p><p>Associations of the metabolic syndrome of different definitions and their individual components and cardiovascular disease in Chinese women.</p

Fresh fruit consumption and risk of incident albuminuria among rural Chinese adults: A village-based prospective cohort study

<div><p>Background</p><p>Recent studies showed that increased fresh fruit consumption is significantly associated with lower risks of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD); other studies suggested that albuminuria is associated with diabetes, hypertension, and CVD. Therefore, we hypothesized that lower fresh fruit consumption is associated with higher risk of incident albuminuria among Chinese adults in rural areas, where fresh fruit consumption level is very low and prevalence of albuminuria is high.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We tested the hypothesis in a village-based cohort study of 3574 participants aged ≥ 30 years from the Handan Eye Study conducted from 2006 to 2013. Albuminuria was defined as urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g.</p><p>Results</p><p>Overall, 35.4% of the participants never or rarely consumed fresh fruits, and 33.9, 21.6, and 9.1% consumed fresh fruits 1–3 times/month, 1–2 times/week, and ≥ 3 times/week, respectively. During a median follow-up period of 5.6 years, albuminuria developed in 17.6% (n = 629) of the participants. Compared with participants who consumed fresh fruits ≥ 3 times/week, the multivariable adjustment odds ratios (ORs) for incident albuminuria associated with fruit consumption 1–2 times/week, 1–3 times/month, and no or rare consumption were 1.58 (95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.05–2.40), 1.74 (95% CI, 1.17–2.58), and 1.78 (95% CI, 1.20–2.64), respectively. After excluding participants with diabetes, the association remained significant.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Lower fresh fruit consumption was significantly associated with higher risk of incident albuminuria, and fresh fruit consumption frequency could be an essential intervention target to prevent albuminuria in rural China.</p></div