The Pupils\u27 Opinion of the Examination and Grading Process in the Classroom

U članku se oslikava kompleksnost nastavnog provjeravanja i ocjenjivanja učenika kroz eksplikaciju značenja i zadataka ove etape nastavnog procesa te isticanje poteškoća koje se pojavljuju prilikom njene realizacije. Naznačeni su i zakonski okviri provedbe provjeravanja i ocjenjivanja učenika u osnovnim i srednjim školama.Praksa nastavnog provjeravanja i ocjenjivanja prikazana je kroz analizu i interpretaciju rezultata ispitivanja mišljenja skupine osnovnoškolskih i srednjoškolskih učenika (N=147) o navedenoj problematici. Utvrđeni su najčešći i preferirani oblici te mišljenja učenika o ne/korektnosti i transparentnosti provjeravanja i ocjenjivanja znanja i sposobnosti učenika u nastavnoj praksii prilikama za samoevaluaciju. Prikupljeni podaci upućuju na to da se u provođenju navedene etape nastavnog procesa ostvaruje nedovoljna raznovrsnost u oblicima njene realizacije, da učenicima nisu uvijek pružene adekvatne povratne informacije o rezultatima njihova rada te da je provjeravanje i ocjenjivanje dominantno nastavnikova aktivnost prilikom koje učenici najčešće nisu u prilici da samostalno ocijene svoj napredak u učenju i ostvarivanju zadataka nastave. Iz navedenog logično proizlazi često prisutan dojam učenika da su nekorektno ocijenjeni. Nastavno bi provjeravanje i ocjenjivanje trebalo uvažavati kompleksnost učenikove osobnosti i njen originalni doprinos u nastavi. Dijelom je to moguće ostvariti uporabom različitih oblika realizacije, pružanjem jasnih informacija o rezultatima učenja te većim stupnjem uključenosti učenika u ocjenjivanje svojeg napretka u učenju.The article portrays the complexity of classroom examination and grading of pupils via theexplication of the meaning and tasks of this stage of the teaching process and by stressingthe difficulties that arise during its realization. The legal framework for the conducting of theexamination and grading of pupils in elementary and high schools is also outlined.The practice of classroom examination and grading is shown through the analysis andinterpretation of the results of a survey of a group of elementary and highschool pupils (N=147)about the said process. The most common and the preferred types and the pupils\u27 opinion of thein/correctness and transparency of the testing and grading of pupils\u27 knowledge and abilities inclassroom practice were determined, as well as the opportunities for self-evaluation. The gathereddata indicate a lack of variety in the ways of conducting this stage of the teaching process, thepupils aren\u27t always given adequate feedback information about the results of their work andthe examination is predominantly a teachers activity during which the pupils most often aren\u27tgiven a chance to independently evaluate their progress in learning and carrying out classroomassignments. The above mentioned logically leads to the impression, commonly present amongpupils, that they were incorrectly graded.Classroom examination and grading should take into consideration the complexity of the pupil\u27spersonality and her original contribution in class. It is partially possible to achieve that by usingdifferent methods of realization, by giving clear information about the results of their studying,and by a greater degree of inclusion of the pupils in evaluating the progress of their studying.</p

Modeling Regression Quantile Process Using Monotone B-Splines

<p>Quantile regression as an alternative to conditional mean regression (i.e., least-square regression) is widely used in many areas. It can be used to study the covariate effects on the entire response distribution by fitting quantile regression models at multiple different quantiles or even fitting the entire regression quantile process. However, estimating the regression quantile process is inherently difficult because the induced conditional quantile function needs to be monotone at all covariate values. In this article, we proposed a regression quantile process estimation method based on monotone B-splines. The proposed method can easily ensure the validity of the regression quantile process and offers a concise framework for variable selection and adaptive complexity control. We thoroughly investigated the properties of the proposed procedure, both theoretically and numerically. We also used a case study on wind power generation to demonstrate its use and effectiveness in real problems. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.</p

Electronic Stability of Phosphine-Protected Au₂₀ Nanocluster: Superatomic Bonding

A recent experiment reported that a newly crystallized phosphine-protected Au₂₀ nanocluster [Au₂₀(PPhy₂)₁₀Cl₄]­Cl₂ [PPhpy₂ = bis­(2-pyridyl)­phenylphosphine] owns a very stable Au₂₀ core, but the number of valence electrons of the Au₂₀ core is 14e, which is not predicted by the superatom model. So we apply the density functional theory to further study this cluster from its molecular orbital and chemical bonding. The results suggest that the Au₂₀⁽⁺⁶⁾ core is an analogue of the F₂ molecule based on the super valence bond model, and the 20-center–14-electron Au₂₀⁽⁺⁶⁾ core can be taken as a superatomic molecule bonded by two 11-center–7-electron superatoms, where the two 11c superatoms share two Au atoms and two electrons to meet an 8-electron closed shell for each. The electronic shell closure enhances the stability of the Au₂₀ core, besides the PN bridges. Exceptionally, the theoretical HOMO–LUMO gap (1.03 eV) disagrees with the experimental value (2.24 eV), and some possible reasons for this big difference are analyzed in this paper

Association of the genomic instability score with HR-deficiency and platinum-response in ovarian cancer.

<p>(<b>A</b>) The distribution of score in <i>BRCA1</i> hyper-methylated patients is significantly higher than that in <i>BRCA</i> wild-type patients. (<b>B</b>) The distribution of score in HR-deficient patients (including <i>EMSY</i> amplification cases, and <i>PTEN</i>, Fanconi Anemia genes, <i>RAD</i> genes, <i>ATM</i>, <i>ATR</i> and <i>CHEK1/2</i> deficient cases) is significantly higher than that in other <i>BRCA</i> wild-type patients. (<b>C</b>) Association of the score with complete response (CR). The scores of all patients (n = 325) were divided into 12 equal intervals. The percentage of patients achieving a CR (according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) was calculated for patients in each interval and was plotted against each scoring interval in increasing order. Patients in high scoring interval show increasing likelihood of achieving CR. The dashed line represents linear regression line through the data points. (<b>D</b>) Same as (<b>C</b>) but calculating for platinum-status. 133 platinum-sensitive patients and 62 platinum-resistant patients were analyzed.</p

Association of high vs low scoring subgroup with clinical characteristics.

<p>Association of high vs low scoring subgroup with clinical characteristics.</p

Association of <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutations with overall survival (A) and Progression-free survival (B) in ovarian cancer.

<p>Association of <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutations with overall survival (A) and Progression-free survival (B) in ovarian cancer.</p

Controlling Angiogenic Response of Endothelial Cells via Intracellular Microparticle Depot containing Growth Factors

Controlling of endothelial cell and its microenvironment is crucial to promote angiogenic response during tissue regeneration. However, current strategies are limited to genetic cellular engineering or matrix-based methods which are complex and highly variable. To overcome this, we engineer endothelial cells by intracellular loading of growth factor containing microparticles. These microparticle depots control the host cells and its microenvironment through intracellular and extracellular release of growth factors. Specifically, human endothelial cells engineered with vascular endothelial growth factor loaded poly lactic-<i>co</i>-glycolic acid (PLGA) microparticle show enhanced angiogenic response through extended endothelial network and sprouting. Enhancement of angiogenic response is attributed to autocrine and paracrine-endocrine like signaling from the growth factors

Clinicopathologic characteristics with different BRCA1/2 status.

<p>For categorical data (Tumor stage and grade, residual tumor size, response to chemotherapy therapy and platinum status), the Fisher exact test was used to calculate P value in <i>R</i>; for continuous variable such as age, the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used in <i>R</i>. Patients with debulking status “no macroscopic disease” are labeled as 0 cm in residual tumor size. Number (NO.) depicts the corresponding number of patients in each category. Missing values are excluded from the test analyses. BRCA wild-type cases do not include the BRCA1 methylation cases.</p><p>Clinicopathologic characteristics with different BRCA1/2 status.</p

Cox proportional hazard model using relevant pretreatment factors for patients with different BRCA1/2 mutation status.

<p>Abbreviations: High/Low BRCA, BRCA mutation cases in high/low level group of mutations, CNCs or scores; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; Debulking, residual tumor size.</p><p>Two-sided <i>P</i> values were calculated using Cox regression model adjusting for all the variables in the table.</p><p>Patients with debulking status “no macroscopic disease” are labeled as 0 cm.</p><p>Cox proportional hazard model using relevant pretreatment factors for patients with different BRCA1/2 mutation status.</p

Association of genomic instability with <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutations and survival in ovarian cancer.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Both <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutated tumors show elevated level genome mutations. High mutation group of <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutated ovarian cancer patients shows significantly improved survival than wild-type patients, whereas low mutation group of <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutated patients shows nonsignificant difference compared with wild-type patients. (<b>B</b>) Both <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutated tumors show increased copy number changes. High CNCs group of <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutated ovarian cancer patients shows significantly improved survival than wild-type patients, whereas low CNCs group shows nonsignificant difference compared with wild-type patients. (<b>C</b>) Both <i>BRCA1</i> and <i>BRCA2</i> mutated patients show increased genomic instability score, with <i>BRCA2</i> mutated patients show higher score distribution than <i>BRCA1</i> mutated patients. High scoring group of <i>BRCA1/2</i> mutated patients shows significantly improved survival than wild-type patients, whereas low scoring group shows nonsignificant difference compared with wild-type patients.</p