Synthesis of a Tetrasaccharide Glycosyl Glycerol. Precursor to Glycolipids of <i>Meiothermus taiwanensis</i> ATCC BAA-400

Synthesis of a tetrasaccharide glycosyl glycerol, the core structure of glycoglycerolipid from Meiothermus taiwanensis ATCC BAA-400, was described. A one-pot glycosylation with three components was employed as a key step

Cytotoxic Styrylpyrones from <i>Goniothalamus </i><i>a</i><i>muyon</i>

Two new styrylpyrones, (6R,7R,8R)-8-methoxygoniodiol (1) and (6R,7R,8R)-8-chlorogoniodiol (2), together with seven known styrylpyrones and eight other known compounds, were isolated from the leaves and/or stems of Goniothalamus amuyon. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectral data interpretation, and the absolute stereochemistry of styrylpyrones in the diol and triol series was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis and CD spectral data. Compound 2 demonstrated significant selective cytotoxicity toward the HONE-1 cancer cell line

Ba01 reduced the severity of naturally occurring potato common scab in the field.

A. (a) An 11-week potato field trial was completed in Dounan, Taiwan. Bars = 100 cm. (b) Four treatments were treated with the Ba01 isolate at the concentrations indicated. (c) Each treatment had four blocks assigned by a randomized complete block design. B. Potato tubers were harvested from each Ba01 treatment: (1) Ba01 at 5x106 CFU/mL; (b) 1x107 CFU/mL; (c) 2x107 CFU/mL; and (d) water. Bars = 5 cm. C. The percentage of disease severity was calculated from 100 randomly selected tubers of each treatment. D. Disease incidence was calculated by determining the proportion of tubers with >5% scab coverage from 100 randomly selected tubers in each treatment. E. Potato plant height (left panel) and tuber weight (right panel) were not affected by Ba01 application. We randomly chose 25 potato tubers from each block to evaluate the disease severity and incidence of each block, and four blocks of the same treatment were used to determine the mean ± standard error and compare to other treatments. P values were calculated using Tukey's test. Asterisks *, **, and *** represent P P P < 0.001, respectively.</p

Exploration of Fungal Metabolic Interactions Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry on Nanostructured Silicon

Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry to microbiology and natural product research has opened the door to the exploration of microbial interactions and the consequent discovery of new natural products and their functions in the interactions. However, several drawbacks of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry have limited its application especially to complicated and uneven microbial samples. Here, we applied nanostructured silicon as a substrate for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for microbial imaging mass spectrometry to explore fungal metabolic interactions. We chose <i>Phellinus noxius</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> strains to evaluate the potential of microbial imaging mass spectrometry on nanostructured silicon because both fungi produce a dense mass of aerial mycelia, which is known to complicate the collection of high-quality imaging mass spectrometry data. Our simple and straightforward sample imprinting method and low background interference resulted in an efficient analysis of small metabolites from the complex microbial interaction samples

Imaging mass spectrometry of Ba01 against <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> PS07.

A. (a) S. scabies PS07 was initially inoculated in a vertical line on a 2% YME solid agar plate. After 12 h, B. amyloliquefaciens Ba01 was inoculated in a horizontal line on the same plate for another 24 h. (b) The IMS image of an ion with m/z 1046.38 represents surfactin. (c) The image represents two-fold serial diluted surfactin as a standard control ranging from 2.5 to 0.04 μg. (d) The IMS image of an ion with m/z 1095.76 represents iturin A. (e) The image represents two-fold serial diluted iturin A as a standard control ranging from 10 to 0.16 μg. (f) The IMS image of an ion with m/z 1516.19 represents fengycin. (g) The image represents two-fold serial diluted fengycin as a standard control ranging from 0.32 to 0.005 μg/mL. Intensity gradients for surfactin, iturin A, and fengycin are normalized and illustrated by color histogram (maximum, white; minimum, black). B. The mass spectra of IMS regions include three major peaks: m/z 1046.38 (surfactin), 1095.76 (iturin A), and 1516.19 (fengycin).</p

Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Genome Mining via Short Sequence Tagging Identified the Anti-Infective Agent Arylomycin in <i>Streptomyces roseosporus</i>

Here, we described the discovery of anti-infective agent arylomycin and its biosynthetic gene cluster in an industrial daptomycin producing strain <i>Streptomyces roseosporus</i>. This was accomplished via the use of MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) along with peptidogenomic approach in which we have expanded to short sequence tagging (SST) described herein. Using IMS, we observed that prior to the production of daptomycin, a cluster of ions (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>) was produced by <i>S. roseosporus</i> and correlated well with the decreased staphylococcal cell growth. With a further adopted SST peptidogenomics approach, which relies on the generation of sequence tags from tandem mass spectrometric data and query against genomes to identify the biosynthetic genes, we were able to identify these three molecules (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>) to arylomycins, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that target type I signal peptidase. The gene cluster was then identified. This highlights the strength of IMS and MS guided genome mining approaches in effectively bridging the gap between phenotypes, chemotypes, and genotypes

Ba01 inhibits the growth of multiple <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> strains isolated from the field trial.

A. Potato slide assays were used to test the pathogenicity of S. scabies isolates. Agar disks with or without S. scabies spores were inverted onto potato tuber slices and incubated at 28°C for six days in the dark and photographed. Nonpathogenic Streptomyces coelicolor was used as a negative control, and a SSM1 agar disc was used as a mock control. B. Disc diffusion assays were used to test the anti-bacterial activity of Ba01 and three pure compounds against multiple S. scabies strains.</p

<i>B</i>. <i>amyloliquefaciens</i> Ba01 showed antibacterial activity against <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> causing potato common scab.

<p>A. Phylogenetic trees based on either the (a) 16S rRNA sequence or (b) <i>gyrA</i> gene sequence showed the evolutionary relationships between <i>Bacillus</i> isolates. The numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap values. The scale bars indicating the numbers of substitutions per nucleotide position were (a) 0.005 and (b) 0.02. <b>B.</b> Multiple <i>Bacillus</i> isolates exhibited a diverse degree of antibacterial activity against <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> PS07. Disk diffusion assays were used to test the antibacterial activity of <i>Bacillus</i> species against <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i>. In this experiment, 10⁶ <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> spores in 100 μL were spread on solid YME medium, and 3 μL of 1 OD₆₀₀ (~6x10⁴ cells) of <i>Bacillus</i> isolates were loaded on the right disk, while 3 μL of ddH₂O were loaded on the left disk as a control. <b>C.</b> Ba01 was selected to test its antibacterial activity against multiple <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> isolates. <i>S</i>. <i>scabies</i> isolates were spread on solid YME medium, and 3 μL of 1 OD₆₀₀ of Ba01 were added to the right disk and ddH₂O to the left disk. All plates were incubated at 28°C for five days and photographed.</p

Exploration of Fungal Metabolic Interactions Using Imaging Mass Spectrometry on Nanostructured Silicon

Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry to microbiology and natural product research has opened the door to the exploration of microbial interactions and the consequent discovery of new natural products and their functions in the interactions. However, several drawbacks of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry have limited its application especially to complicated and uneven microbial samples. Here, we applied nanostructured silicon as a substrate for surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry for microbial imaging mass spectrometry to explore fungal metabolic interactions. We chose <i>Phellinus noxius</i> and <i>Aspergillus</i> strains to evaluate the potential of microbial imaging mass spectrometry on nanostructured silicon because both fungi produce a dense mass of aerial mycelia, which is known to complicate the collection of high-quality imaging mass spectrometry data. Our simple and straightforward sample imprinting method and low background interference resulted in an efficient analysis of small metabolites from the complex microbial interaction samples

Minimum and fractional inhibitory concentrations of compounds against <i>Streptomyces scabies</i> PS07.

<p>Minimum and fractional inhibitory concentrations of compounds against <i>Streptomyces scabies</i> PS07.</p