The results of the Friedman statistical test on 27 functions.

The results of the Friedman statistical test on 27 functions.</p

Parameter space, search history, trajectory, average fitness, and convergence curve of CSCAHHO.

Parameter space, search history, trajectory, average fitness, and convergence curve of CSCAHHO.</p

Parameter settings for the comparative algorithms.

Parameter settings for the comparative algorithms.</p

Algorithm comparison results of welded beam design problem.

Algorithm comparison results of welded beam design problem.</p

Unimodal benchmark functions.

Unimodal benchmark functions.</p

Convergence curves of 27 benchmark functions.

Convergence curves of 27 benchmark functions.</p

Algorithm comparison results of compression spring design problem.

Algorithm comparison results of compression spring design problem.</p

Test results of the benchmark function (F1-F9, F19-F27), the dimension is fixed to 100.

Test results of the benchmark function (F1-F9, F19-F27), the dimension is fixed to 100.</p

Results of multimodal two-dimensional function.

Results of multimodal two-dimensional function.</p

Multi-dimensional multimodal functions.

Multi-dimensional multimodal functions.</p