The illustrations show representative species from subclade Ia.

<p>(A, B) Plant and fruit of <i>Meconopsis pinnatifolia</i> (subgenus <i>Discogyne</i>); (C, D) <i>M. paniculata</i> (subgenus <i>Eumeconopsis</i>); (E, F) <i>M. wilsonii</i> (subgenus <i>Eumeconopsis</i>).</p

The Bayesian tree of Meconopsis constructed using the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA ITS).

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) for the main clades.</p

The illustrations show morphological diversity of styles within <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i>.

<p>A and B, C and D, and E and F represent plants from the same population, respectively.</p

The illustrations show plants of subclade Ie (a–e) and Id (f–i).

<p>(a) <i>Meconopsis integrifolia</i>; (b) <i>M. grandis</i>; (c) <i>M. betonicifolia</i>; (d, e) <i>M. simplicifolia</i>; (f, g) <i>M. punicea</i>; (h, i) <i>M. quintuplinervia</i>.</p

Molecular Phylogeny of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> Based on Nuclear Ribosomal and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data

<div><p>The taxonomy and phylogeny of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> (Himalayan blue poppy) remain largely unresolved. We used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) and the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) <i>trnL-F</i> region for phylogenetic reconstruction of <i>Meconopsis</i> and its close relatives <i>Papaver</i>, <i>Roemeria</i>, and <i>Stylomecon</i>. We identified five main clades, which were well-supported in the gene trees reconstructed with the nrDNA ITS and cpDNA <i>trnL-F</i> sequences. We found that 41 species of Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> did not constitute a monophyletic clade, but formed two solid clades (I and V) separated in the phylogenetic tree by three clades (II, III and IV) of <i>Papaver</i> and its allies. Clade V includes only four Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> species, with the remaining 90 percent of Asian species included in clade I. In this core Asian <i>Meconopsis</i> clade, five subclades (Ia–Ie) were recognized in the nrDNA ITS tree. Three species (<i>Meconopsis discigera</i>, <i>M. pinnatifolia</i>, and <i>M. torquata</i>) of subgenus <i>Discogyne</i> were imbedded in subclade Ia, indicating that the present definition of subgenera in <i>Meconopsis</i> should be rejected. These subclades are inconsistent with any series or sections of the present classifications, suggesting that classifications of the genus should be completely revised. Finally, proposals for further revision of the genus <i>Meconopsis</i> were put forward based on molecular, morphological, and biogeographical evidences.</p></div

The Bayesian tree of clade I from <b>Figure 1</b>.

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) and the Bayesian posterior probabilities for the main clades.</p

The Bayesian tree of <i>Meconopsis</i> inferred from the trn<i>L-F</i> fragment.

<p>Numbers on the branches denote the Bayesian posterior probabilities and the bootstrap values for maximum parsimony (MP) for the main clades.</p

Synthesis, Morphology, and Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-<i>b</i>-poly(3-thiophene hexylacetate)

A series of all-conjugated diblock copolythiophenes of poly­(3-hexylthiophene)-<i>b</i>-poly­(3-thiophene hexylacetate) (P3HT-<i>b</i>-P3THA) were synthesized via modified sequential Grignard metathesis polymerization. The living P3HT was formed first, then reacting with the monomer of P3THA. By using 2-bromo-3-hexyloxycarbonylmethylene-5-iodothiophene instead of dibromo monomer in metal exchange reaction and by controlling the polymerization temperature relatively low at 16–20 °C, the reaction between carboxylate group and Grignard reagent can be minimized and the polymerization can be controlled; low PDI (<1.3), high regioregularity (>95%), and well-controlled block ratios of block copolymer were obtained. The introduction of carboxylate group in the side chain of one of the monomers, and controlling the side-chain length difference by only three atoms between two monomers, there are profound effects on the optical and electrochemical properties and morphologies of the block copolymers. The electron-withdrawing carboxylate causes the absorption maximum of copolymer in solution to be blue-shifted from that of pristine P3HT, and the extent of blue shift is increased monotonically with increasing the molar ratio of P3THA. However, in thin film, the intermolecular π–π stacking plays a role in the absorption behavior of copolymer which decreases the extent of blue shift. The HOMO level of the copolymer is lowered by 0.38 eV from that of P3HT due to the presence of P3THA block. The crystalline structure of the copolymer can be controlled according to the molar ratio of each block. Crystalline–amorphous, crystalline–crystalline, and cocrystalline structures are observed in the bulk samples when the block molar percentage of P3THA is increased from 22, 40, to 50 and higher, respectively. Microphase separation is clearly present in the thin film fabricated from the copolymer containing crystalline–amorphous and crystalline–crystalline structures. The observation of various crystalline structures in a single type of all-conjugated diblock copolymer is very significant and provides a new approach to simultaneously manipulate the optical and electronic properties and nanostructures of conducting polymers by simply changing their compositions

Low-Temperature Water Gas Shift Reaction over Highly Dispersed Ir on TiO₂Influence of the Ir Dispersed State and the Metal–Support Interface

Oxide-supported iridium (Ir) metal catalysts exhibit superior activity for the low-temperature water gas shift (WGS) reaction. In this study, highly dispersed Ir supported on anatase TiO2 shows a relatively high turnover frequency and a relatively low activation energy for the WGS reaction compared to that reported in the literature. Catalyst characterization reveals the presence of small clusters and single atoms (SAs). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the WGS reaction proceeds preferentially via a carboxyl mechanism with carboxyl formation as the rate-determining step on both TiO2-supported Ir clusters and SAs, which can be supported by experimental observations. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, corroborated by DFT calculations, indicates that CO co-adsorbed with H2O at the interface between the Ir cluster and TiO2 plays the key role in low-temperature WGS starting from room temperature. DFT calculations show that the energy barrier of carboxyl formation over the Ir cluster is lower than that over Ir SAs, indicating that the Ir clusters may have contributed more to the low-temperature WGS activity. The excellent catalytic activity of the Ir/a-TiO2 catalyst reveals its potential application for low-temperature WGS