DataSheet1_Improved Radiation Heat Transfer Model in RELAP5 for Compact Fuel Rod Bundles by the Absorption Factor Modification.docx

Simulations of radiation heat transfer in fuel rod bundles are necessary for the thermal hydraulic design and safety analysis of open lattice gas-cooled reactors, which always operate at high temperatures. To save the computational costs, existing radiation models in system codes such as RELAP5 commonly assume each fuel rod to own the uniform radiosity over the rod surface. Previous research studies have indicated that the uniform radiosity assumption could overestimate the heat transfer flux and under-predict the maximum fuel rod temperature, and the anisotropic correction was tried by dealing with non-uniform reflected radiation. To better model the non-uniform radiosity effect, the Gehart’s method based on the non-uniform absorbed radiation is introduced in this study. By dividing the surface of each rod into six segments, the one-sixth rod view factors are derived in specific rod and near wall sections to generate the segment-to-segment absorption factors. By summarizing those segment-to-segment absorption factors, the rod-to-rod and rod-to-wall absorption factors are modified and implemented into RELAP5 to improve the radiation heat transfer model. The two-dimension radiation heat transfer problem in the nuclear fuel rod bundle is simulated in FLUENT as the benchmark and in RELAP5 for comparison. Fuel rod bundles in hexagonal arrays were investigated with various surface emissivity and pitch-to-diameter ratios (p/d). The simulations indicated that the method of rod segment division and absorption factor modification could reflect the non-uniform radiosity, and the results were related to the values of p/d and surface emissivity. The modified radiation heat transfer model in RELAP5 validated that the deviations of the maximum temperature were reduced from around 20% to 1%,3%,8% for p/d = 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3, respectively. Rod bundles with larger p/d required more radiative rods in the analyses of absorption factor modifications. The present radiation heat transfer model should be studied and tested in three-dimension cases to further prove that it is appropriate for the nuclear rod bundles.</p

Novel Syntheses of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzofurans

Novel Syntheses of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzofuran

Directed Evolution of Material Binding Peptide for Polylactic Acid-specific Degradation in Mixed Plastic Wastes

In order to preserve our livelihood for future generations, responsible use of plastics in a climate-neutral and circular economy has to be developed so that plastics can be used in an environmentally friendly way by future generations. The prerequisite is that bioplastic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) can be efficiently recycled from petrochemical based plastic. Here, a concept in which accelerated PLA degradation in the mixed suspension of PLA and polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles has been achieved through an engineered material binding peptide. After comparison of twenty material binding peptides, Cg-Def is selected due to its PLA binding specificity. Finally, a suitable high-throughput screening system is developed for enhancing material-specific binding toward PLA in presence of PS. Through KnowVolution campaign, a variant Cg-Def YH (L9Y/S19H) with 2.0-fold improved PLA binding specificity compared to PS is generated. Contact angle and surface plasmon resonance measurements validated higher surface coverage of Cg-Def YH on PLA surface and the fusion of Cg-Def YH with PLA degrading enzyme confirmed the accelerated PLA depolymerization (two times higher than only enzyme) in mixed PLA/PS plastics

Syntheses of Examples of the 5,6-Dihydro-4<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-<i>i</i><i>j</i>]quinoline, 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-<i>jk</i>][1,4]benzodiazepine, and 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-4<i>H</i>-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-<i>kl</i>][1]benzazocine Ring Systems

Lithiation of 1-vinylbenzotriazole 9 with n-BuLi (2 equiv) generates dianion 10, which upon subsequent reaction with 1,2- and 1,4-diketones affords 14 and 13, representatives of the 5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-ij]quinoline 1 and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-kl][1]benzazocine 2 ring systems, respectively. Reactions of dianion 10 with isocyanates give 15a,b, which contain the 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5,1-jk][1,4]benzodiazepine 3 ring system

A Novel Route to Imidoylbenzotriazoles and Their Application for the Synthesis of Enaminones

Reactions of secondary amides 2a−i with 1-chloro-1H-benzotriazole and triphenylphosphine give imidoylbenzotriazoles 3a−i. The treatment of 3a,b,e,g with silyl enol ethers 5a,b in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide provides a new general approach to enaminoketones 6a−h

Temporal effect of phytoremediation on the bacterial community in petroleum-contaminated soil

Phytoremediation is a promising bio-technology where plants associated with microbes are employed to remediate sites co-contaminated with petroleum. With the in-depth study of plant restoration, it is necessary to explore the dynamic changes of microbial communities in petroleum-contaminated soil. This study investigated the effects of Ryegrass on bacterial community and diversity in petroleum contaminated soil. High-throughput sequencing technology was used to compare the bacterial communities in 14 groups samples at different repair stages. It was concluded that different responses were observed to promote or inhibit microbial reproduction. The most significant bacterial family were Comamonadaceae, Nocardiaceae, Blastocatellaceae, and Cytophagacea. Comamonadaceae showed the highest level of remediation in non-petroleum-contaminated soils at 90 days. However, Blastocatellaceae and Cytophagaceae exhibited high microbial contents in petroleum-contaminated soil at 0 and 40 days, respectively. In all samples, plants improved the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil and the highest abundance of microbial communities were found after 90 days. These data indicate that not only rhizosphere secretions but also petroleum, will promote microbial growth. Moreover, the repair time has a vital effect on microbial community changes. This study supports the foundation to control soil pollution and highlight the periodic dynamic of microbial community diversity and structure.</p

Supplementary document for Spatial resolution enhancement with line scan light-field imaging - 6620727.pdf

Supplemental Document

Convenient Preparation of <i>tert</i>-Butyl <i>β</i>-(Protected amino)esters

Refluxing an aldehyde 1 with benzotriazole and benzylcarbamate in the presence of a catalytic amount of p-TsOH gave the corresponding benzyloxycarbonylamino-1-(1-benzotriazolyl)alkane 2 in good yields. Compounds 2 treated with substituted tert-butyl acetates 3 using LDA as a base afford smoothly and under mild conditions the N-2-protected 3-aminoalkanoic esters 4

Influences of the Carbohydrate-Binding Module on a Fungal Starch-Active Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase

Noncatalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) play important roles in the function of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) but have not been well demonstrated for starch-active AA13 LPMO. In this study, four new CBMs were investigated systematically for their influence on MtLPMO toward starch in terms of substrate binding, H2O2 production activity, oxidative product yields, and the degradation effect with α-amylase and glucoamylase toward different starch substrates. Among the four MtLPMO–CBM chimeras, MtLPMO–CnCBM harboring the CBM fromColletotrichum nymphaeae showed the highest substrate binding toward different types of starch compared to MtLPMO without CBM. MtLPMO–PvCBM harboring the CBM from Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus and MtLPMO–CnCBM showed dramatically enhanced H2O2 production activity of 4.6-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, than MtLPMO without CBM. More importantly, MtLPMO–CBM generated more oxidative products from starch polysaccharides degradation than MtLPMO alone, with 6.0-fold and 4.6-fold enhancement obtained from the oxidation of amylopectin and corn starch with MtLPMO–CnCBM, and a 5.2-fold improvement obtained with MtLPMO–AcCBM for amylose. MtLPMO–AcCBM significantly boosted the yields of reducing sugar with α-amylase upon degrading amylopectin and corn starch. These findings demonstrate that CBMs greatly influence the performance of starch-active AA13 LPMOs due to their enhanced binding and H2O2 production activity

Additional file 1 of Jian Gan powder ameliorates immunological liver injury in mice by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolic profiles

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. A Representative images of STAT3 staining (× 200). (A normal group; B model group; C positive control group; D JGP-L group; E: JGP-M group; F: JGP-H group). STAT3-positive cells are indicated by arrowheads. Bars = 100μm. B Percentage of STAT3-positive cells. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and were presented as mean ± SEM. #p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01; ###p < 0.001. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. Fig. S2. Flow cytometry analysis of the percentage of Kupffer cells (CD45+ CD11b+ F4/80+) and Ki67+ cells in the liver of control mice, model mice (induced for immunological liver injury), and model animals treated with Jian Gan powder. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and were expressed as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Fig. S3. A Species richness in fecal samples from the experimental and control groups A: normal group; B model group (induced for immunological liver injury); C positive control group; D JGP-L group; E JGP-M group; F JGP-H group). B Number of OTUs in the experimental and control groups. Fig. S4. A Associations between intestinal microbial genera. B Spearman correlation coefficients between gut microbial genera. Fig. S5. Heatmap A and volcano plot B of differentially expressed fecal metabolites. C Number of upregulated and downregulated fecal metabolites between the normal group and model group (MG, induced for immunological liver injury), JGP-L and MG, JGP-M and MG, and JGP-H and MG