Nominalization in the translation of literary prose from Chinese into English: based on the three English versions of Hong lou meng

This study aims to investigate the use of nominalization in the translation of literary prose works from Chinese into English. Following the definition of English nominalization as a nominalized transform of a finite verbal form and based on complex condensation, this study describes English nominalization as adverbial and in the position of subject and object, condensing finite clausal structures. -- Explicitation in translation, as a potential candidate for the status of translation universal, is currently claimed as one of the most thoroughly studied phenomena in translation studies. However, there is less research on implicitation in translation as a main objective of study. Therefore, this research project decides on implicitation in translation as a direct point of departure. Since English nominalization condenses finite clausal structures, this justifies its analysis in translation as a manifestation of implicitation. -- Based on the use of nominalization mainly in the three English versions of the eighteenth century Chinese classical novel Hong Lou Meng (or Dream of the Red Chamber), and in the English versions of some other Chinese (classical and modern) novels, this study concludes that nominalization in the translation of literary prose from Chinese into English is predominantly used as adverbial, in the form of gerundive nominal, and in narrative. This study also concludes that the use of nominalization in literary prose translation from Chinese into English is potentially triggered by various factors including the grammatical characteristics of the Chinese language, lexicalization, the context and co-text of Chinese source texts, the translator's stylistic considerations, the translator's considerations of syntagmatic economy, social and cultural factors, and the content of the Chinese source texts

Cation-Bonding and Protonation of the Fe₄-Square Cluster

The synthesis and characterization of discrete, molecular iron-oxo clusters is pursued in the interest of molecular magnets, bioinspired materials and models for the geochemical aqueous-mineral interface. Iron-oxo clusters are challenging to synthesize in water, due to the extremely acidic and reactive nature of dissolved iron species, and thus require chelating ligands to passivate and neutralize the cluster surface. The 2-hydroxy-1,3-N,N,N′,N′-diamino-propanetetraacetic acid (HPDTA) ligand has been used to isolate several Al and Fe cluster geometries, including the square clusters Fe4(HPDTA)2 and Al4(HPDTA)2. While prior reports on the Fe4(HPDTA)2 cluster have focused on the magnetic properties, no solution characterization has been carried out. Using electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) we show this anionic Fe4(HPDTA)2 cluster can be dissolved intact in water, and recrystallized with virtually any metal as a countercation. The bonding of the metal cation to the square face of the cluster trends with ionic radii of the cations, as shown by structural characterization of Fe4(HPDTA)2 with Li+, Na+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ba2+, La3+, Eu3+, and Zn2+. This trend is similar to that observed for association of cations on metal oxide surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, protonation of the bridging oxo ligands of this series of Fe4(HPDTA)2 clusters is variable (0, 1, or 2 protons), and structures as a function of protonation is discussed. This paper, largely structural in nature, sets the foundation for future aqueous phase studies of iron-oxo molecular clusters as models for the oxide-water interface in the natural aqueous environment

Observing Assembly of Complex Inorganic Materials from Polyoxometalate Building Blocks

Understanding the aqueous state of discrete metal-oxo clusters, prenucleation clusters, and even simple ions is valuable for controlling the growth of metal-oxide materials from water. Niobium polyoxometalates (Nb-POMs) are unique in the aqueous metal-oxo cluster landscape in their unusual solubility behavior: specifically, their solubility in water increases with increasing ion-pairing contact with their counterions, and thus provides a rare opportunity to observe these and related solution phenomena. Here, we isolate in the solid state the monomeric and dimeric building blocks, capped Keggin ions, of the extended Keggin chain materials that are now well-known: not only in Nb-POM chemistry, but Mo and V POM chemistry as well. Rb₁₃[GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·23H₂O (<b>Rb1</b>), Cs_10.6[H_2.4GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·27H₂O (<b>Cs1</b>) and Cs₁₈H₆[(NbOH)­SiNb₁₂O₄₀]₂·38H₂O (<b>Cs2</b>) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of solutions of <b>Rb1</b> and <b>Cs1</b> in varying conditions revealed oligomerization of the monomers into chain structures: the extent of oligomerization is controlled by pH, concentration, and the counterion. We distinctly observe chains of up to six Keggin ions in solution, with the large alkali cations for charge-balance. This combined solid state and solution study reveals in great detail the growth of a complex material from discrete monomeric building blocks. The fundamentals of the processes we are able to directly observe in this study, ion-association and hydrolysis leading to condensation, universally control the self-assembly and precipitation of materials from water

Cation-Bonding and Protonation of the Fe₄-Square Cluster

The synthesis and characterization of discrete, molecular iron-oxo clusters is pursued in the interest of molecular magnets, bioinspired materials and models for the geochemical aqueous-mineral interface. Iron-oxo clusters are challenging to synthesize in water, due to the extremely acidic and reactive nature of dissolved iron species, and thus require chelating ligands to passivate and neutralize the cluster surface. The 2-hydroxy-1,3-N,N,N′,N′-diamino-propanetetraacetic acid (HPDTA) ligand has been used to isolate several Al and Fe cluster geometries, including the square clusters Fe4(HPDTA)2 and Al4(HPDTA)2. While prior reports on the Fe4(HPDTA)2 cluster have focused on the magnetic properties, no solution characterization has been carried out. Using electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) we show this anionic Fe4(HPDTA)2 cluster can be dissolved intact in water, and recrystallized with virtually any metal as a countercation. The bonding of the metal cation to the square face of the cluster trends with ionic radii of the cations, as shown by structural characterization of Fe4(HPDTA)2 with Li+, Na+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ba2+, La3+, Eu3+, and Zn2+. This trend is similar to that observed for association of cations on metal oxide surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, protonation of the bridging oxo ligands of this series of Fe4(HPDTA)2 clusters is variable (0, 1, or 2 protons), and structures as a function of protonation is discussed. This paper, largely structural in nature, sets the foundation for future aqueous phase studies of iron-oxo molecular clusters as models for the oxide-water interface in the natural aqueous environment

Cation-Bonding and Protonation of the Fe₄-Square Cluster

The synthesis and characterization of discrete, molecular iron-oxo clusters is pursued in the interest of molecular magnets, bioinspired materials and models for the geochemical aqueous-mineral interface. Iron-oxo clusters are challenging to synthesize in water, due to the extremely acidic and reactive nature of dissolved iron species, and thus require chelating ligands to passivate and neutralize the cluster surface. The 2-hydroxy-1,3-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N′</i>,<i>N′</i>-diamino-propanetetraacetic acid (HPDTA) ligand has been used to isolate several Al and Fe cluster geometries, including the square clusters Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ and Al₄(HPDTA)₂. While prior reports on the Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster have focused on the magnetic properties, no solution characterization has been carried out. Using electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) we show this anionic Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster can be dissolved intact in water, and recrystallized with virtually any metal as a countercation. The bonding of the metal cation to the square face of the cluster trends with ionic radii of the cations, as shown by structural characterization of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ with Li⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, La³⁺, Eu³⁺, and Zn²⁺. This trend is similar to that observed for association of cations on metal oxide surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, protonation of the bridging oxo ligands of this series of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ clusters is variable (0, 1, or 2 protons), and structures as a function of protonation is discussed. This paper, largely structural in nature, sets the foundation for future aqueous phase studies of iron-oxo molecular clusters as models for the oxide-water interface in the natural aqueous environment

Cation-Bonding and Protonation of the Fe₄-Square Cluster

The synthesis and characterization of discrete, molecular iron-oxo clusters is pursued in the interest of molecular magnets, bioinspired materials and models for the geochemical aqueous-mineral interface. Iron-oxo clusters are challenging to synthesize in water, due to the extremely acidic and reactive nature of dissolved iron species, and thus require chelating ligands to passivate and neutralize the cluster surface. The 2-hydroxy-1,3-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N′</i>,<i>N′</i>-diamino-propanetetraacetic acid (HPDTA) ligand has been used to isolate several Al and Fe cluster geometries, including the square clusters Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ and Al₄(HPDTA)₂. While prior reports on the Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster have focused on the magnetic properties, no solution characterization has been carried out. Using electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) we show this anionic Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster can be dissolved intact in water, and recrystallized with virtually any metal as a countercation. The bonding of the metal cation to the square face of the cluster trends with ionic radii of the cations, as shown by structural characterization of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ with Li⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, La³⁺, Eu³⁺, and Zn²⁺. This trend is similar to that observed for association of cations on metal oxide surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, protonation of the bridging oxo ligands of this series of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ clusters is variable (0, 1, or 2 protons), and structures as a function of protonation is discussed. This paper, largely structural in nature, sets the foundation for future aqueous phase studies of iron-oxo molecular clusters as models for the oxide-water interface in the natural aqueous environment

Cation-Bonding and Protonation of the Fe₄-Square Cluster

The synthesis and characterization of discrete, molecular iron-oxo clusters is pursued in the interest of molecular magnets, bioinspired materials and models for the geochemical aqueous-mineral interface. Iron-oxo clusters are challenging to synthesize in water, due to the extremely acidic and reactive nature of dissolved iron species, and thus require chelating ligands to passivate and neutralize the cluster surface. The 2-hydroxy-1,3-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>,<i>N′</i>,<i>N′</i>-diamino-propanetetraacetic acid (HPDTA) ligand has been used to isolate several Al and Fe cluster geometries, including the square clusters Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ and Al₄(HPDTA)₂. While prior reports on the Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster have focused on the magnetic properties, no solution characterization has been carried out. Using electrospray ionization mass-spectrometry (ESI-MS) we show this anionic Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ cluster can be dissolved intact in water, and recrystallized with virtually any metal as a countercation. The bonding of the metal cation to the square face of the cluster trends with ionic radii of the cations, as shown by structural characterization of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ with Li⁺, Na⁺, Cs⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, La³⁺, Eu³⁺, and Zn²⁺. This trend is similar to that observed for association of cations on metal oxide surfaces in the environment. Furthermore, protonation of the bridging oxo ligands of this series of Fe₄(HPDTA)₂ clusters is variable (0, 1, or 2 protons), and structures as a function of protonation is discussed. This paper, largely structural in nature, sets the foundation for future aqueous phase studies of iron-oxo molecular clusters as models for the oxide-water interface in the natural aqueous environment

Observing Assembly of Complex Inorganic Materials from Polyoxometalate Building Blocks

Understanding the aqueous state of discrete metal-oxo clusters, prenucleation clusters, and even simple ions is valuable for controlling the growth of metal-oxide materials from water. Niobium polyoxometalates (Nb-POMs) are unique in the aqueous metal-oxo cluster landscape in their unusual solubility behavior: specifically, their solubility in water increases with increasing ion-pairing contact with their counterions, and thus provides a rare opportunity to observe these and related solution phenomena. Here, we isolate in the solid state the monomeric and dimeric building blocks, capped Keggin ions, of the extended Keggin chain materials that are now well-known: not only in Nb-POM chemistry, but Mo and V POM chemistry as well. Rb₁₃[GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·23H₂O (<b>Rb1</b>), Cs_10.6[H_2.4GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·27H₂O (<b>Cs1</b>) and Cs₁₈H₆[(NbOH)­SiNb₁₂O₄₀]₂·38H₂O (<b>Cs2</b>) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of solutions of <b>Rb1</b> and <b>Cs1</b> in varying conditions revealed oligomerization of the monomers into chain structures: the extent of oligomerization is controlled by pH, concentration, and the counterion. We distinctly observe chains of up to six Keggin ions in solution, with the large alkali cations for charge-balance. This combined solid state and solution study reveals in great detail the growth of a complex material from discrete monomeric building blocks. The fundamentals of the processes we are able to directly observe in this study, ion-association and hydrolysis leading to condensation, universally control the self-assembly and precipitation of materials from water

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) hydrogels containing hyper-branched poly(amidoamine) for sustained drug release

<p>Hydrogels containing hyper-branched poly(amidoamine) (hb-PAMAM) microenvironments were suggested for the sustained release of ionizable drugs. For this purpose, a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) hydrogels containing hb-PAMAM (PHEA-hb-PAMAM) were prepared by copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate with acryl-terminated hb-PAMAM. The hb-PAMAM was synthesized by the Michael addition reaction of triacryloylhexahydro-1,3,5-triazine (TT) and piperzaine (PZ). By using nonionic Tegafur and ionizable salicylic acid (SA) as model drugs, the release mechanisms of drugs from PHEA-hb-PAMAM hydrogels were investigated. Compared with the release kinetic of Tegafur, the release rate of SA from the hydrogels was evidently slowed down. Moreover, the release rate of SA can be modulated by the addition of salt. This can be attributed to the ionic interaction of SA with hb-PAMAM microenvironments. By analyzing the release kinetics of SA from the hydrogels, it was found that the release of SA followed non-Fickian diffusion.</p

Observing Assembly of Complex Inorganic Materials from Polyoxometalate Building Blocks

Understanding the aqueous state of discrete metal-oxo clusters, prenucleation clusters, and even simple ions is valuable for controlling the growth of metal-oxide materials from water. Niobium polyoxometalates (Nb-POMs) are unique in the aqueous metal-oxo cluster landscape in their unusual solubility behavior: specifically, their solubility in water increases with increasing ion-pairing contact with their counterions, and thus provides a rare opportunity to observe these and related solution phenomena. Here, we isolate in the solid state the monomeric and dimeric building blocks, capped Keggin ions, of the extended Keggin chain materials that are now well-known: not only in Nb-POM chemistry, but Mo and V POM chemistry as well. Rb₁₃[GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·23H₂O (<b>Rb1</b>), Cs_10.6[H_2.4GeNb₁₃O₄₁]·27H₂O (<b>Cs1</b>) and Cs₁₈H₆[(NbOH)­SiNb₁₂O₄₀]₂·38H₂O (<b>Cs2</b>) were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of solutions of <b>Rb1</b> and <b>Cs1</b> in varying conditions revealed oligomerization of the monomers into chain structures: the extent of oligomerization is controlled by pH, concentration, and the counterion. We distinctly observe chains of up to six Keggin ions in solution, with the large alkali cations for charge-balance. This combined solid state and solution study reveals in great detail the growth of a complex material from discrete monomeric building blocks. The fundamentals of the processes we are able to directly observe in this study, ion-association and hydrolysis leading to condensation, universally control the self-assembly and precipitation of materials from water