Concave Rhombic Dodecahedral Au Nanocatalyst with Multiple High-Index Facets for CO₂ Reduction

A concave rhombic dodecahedron (RD) gold nanoparticle was synthesized by adding 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) during growth from seeds. This shape is enclosed by stabilized facets of various high-indexes, such as (331), (221), and (553). Because it is driven thermodynamically and stabilized by 4-ATP ligands, the concave RD maintains its structure over a few months, even after rigorous electrochemical reactions. We discussed the mechanism of the shape evolution controlled by 4-ATP and found that both the binding energy of Au–S and the aromatic geometry of 4-ATP are major determinants of Au atom deposition during growth. As a possible application, we demonstrated that the concave RD exhibits superior electrocatalytic performance for the selective conversion of CO₂ to CO in aqueous solution

Stage of adoption of breast cancer screening according to sociodemographic characteristics of the population (n = 2364; Korea, 2013).

<p>NCSP, National Cancer Screening Program</p><p>Stage of adoption of breast cancer screening according to sociodemographic characteristics of the population (n = 2364; Korea, 2013).</p

Worry levels among Korean women for six major non-communicable diseases.

<p>^aThe mean difference between cancer worry and each disease is statistically significant at a level of significance of <i>P</i><0.05, ANOVA with Tukey’s test</p><p>Worry levels among Korean women for six major non-communicable diseases.</p

Multinomial logistic analysis of factors associated with each stage of adoption for breast cancer screening in Korea, 2013^a.

<p>^a Comparison to the pre-contemplation group</p><p>Multinomial logistic analysis of factors associated with each stage of adoption for breast cancer screening in Korea, 2013<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0132351#t004fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Phosphorylation of EIF2S1 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha) is indispensable for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress

There are diverse links between macroautophagy/autophagy pathways and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions to restore ER homeostasis. Phosphorylation of EIF2S1/eIF2α is an important mechanism that can regulate all three UPR pathways through transcriptional and translational reprogramming to maintain cellular homeostasis and overcome cellular stresses. In this study, to investigate the roles of EIF2S1 phosphorylation in regulation of autophagy during ER stress, we used EIF2S1 phosphorylation-deficient (A/A) cells in which residue 51 was mutated from serine to alanine. A/A cells exhibited defects in several steps of autophagic processes (such as autophagosome and autolysosome formation) that are regulated by the transcriptional activities of the autophagy master transcription factors TFEB and TFE3 under ER stress conditions. EIF2S1 phosphorylation was required for nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 during ER stress. In addition, EIF2AK3/PERK, PPP3/calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of TFEB and TFE3, and YWHA/14-3-3 dissociation were required for their nuclear translocation, but were insufficient to induce their nuclear retention during ER stress. Overexpression of the activated ATF6/ATF6α form, XBP1s, and ATF4 differentially rescued defects of TFEB and TFE3 nuclear translocation in A/A cells during ER stress. Consequently, overexpression of the activated ATF6 or TFEB form more efficiently rescued autophagic defects, although XBP1s and ATF4 also displayed an ability to restore autophagy in A/A cells during ER stress. Our results suggest that EIF2S1 phosphorylation is important for autophagy and UPR pathways, to restore ER homeostasis and reveal how EIF2S1 phosphorylation connects UPR pathways to autophagy.</p