Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on NO secretion by RAW264.7 cells.

<p>RAW264.7 cells were treated as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103494#pone-0103494-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>. After incubation, the NO concentrations in the supernatant were detected by the A₅₄₀ value after reacting with Griess reagent. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

HPLC chromatogram of native β-D-glucan NG and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5 prepared by planetary ball milling.

<p>HPLC chromatogram of native β-D-glucan NG and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5 prepared by planetary ball milling.</p

Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on cell proliferation (A) and neutral red uptake (B) of RAW264.7 cells. RAW264.7 cells were treated with NG or GP (50, 100, and 500 µg/mL) or LPS (10, 100, and 1000 ng/mL) in different concentrations as described in the Materials and Methods.

<p>After incubation, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was measured by an MTT assay, and the A₅₇₀ value was recorded, whereas the amount of neutral red uptake was detected by the A₅₄₀ value. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

Effects of native β-D-glucan and three β-D-glucan phosphates, GP-2, GP-4, and GP-5, on TNF-α (A) and IL-6 (B) production by RAW264.7 cells.

<p>RAW264.7 cells were treated as <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0103494#pone-0103494-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>. After incubation, the TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in the supernatant were detected using commercial kits. The data represent the means ± SD. *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01 compared with control. Each point represents the average of three independent experiments.</p

³¹P NMR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG, β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 prepared by planetary ball milling, and sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO₃)₆ milled alone.

<p>³¹P NMR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG, β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 prepared by planetary ball milling, and sodium hexametaphosphate (NaPO₃)₆ milled alone.</p

β-D-glucan phosphates prepared under different operation conditions.

a<p>weight ratio of β-D-glucan : sodium hexametaphosphate [(NaPO₃)₆].</p><p>ND not detected.</p

FTIR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG and soluble β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 and GP-4 prepared by planetary ball milling.

<p>FTIR spectra of insoluble β-D-glucan particles NG and soluble β-D-glucan phosphate GP-2 and GP-4 prepared by planetary ball milling.</p

Simultaneous Promotion of Microalgal CO₂ Assimilation, Biomass Accumulation, Lipid Production, and Wastewater Nutrient Removal by Adding 5‑Aminolevulinic Acid

Microalgae-based wastewater management has the potential to serve dual purposes, including biofuel production and wastewater bioremediation. The current study investigates the role of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in the regulation of photosynthesis, biomass accumulation, lipid production, and nutrient removal from wastewater by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. In wastewaters, a 3 μM concentration of 5-ALA was considered optimal, as it increased the photosynthetic light reaction and CO2 assimilation of C. pyrenoidosa cells, thereby facilitating cellular growth, metabolism, and biomass accumulation. The acceleration of algal cellular metabolism increased the substrate pool and enhanced the expression of lipogenic genes, thereby promoting lipid production. Meanwhile, the removal of nutrients from wastewater was accelerated after the addition of 5-ALA. The accelerated nutrient removal from wastewaters following 5-ALA treatment was related to C. pyrenoidosa cell growth. C. pyrenoidosa is capable of utilizing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater and accumulating biomass. The biomass from microalgae can be used as a feedstock to produce biofuels. Therefore, the current study provided a novel strategy for simultaneously promoting CO2 assimilation, biomass accumulation, lipid production, and wastewater nutrient removal with microalgae. It is possible to use microalgae for the management of wastewater if research and development on commercializing technologies based on microalgae, both upstream and downstream, are carried out continuously

Genetic variation statistics of different populations and the two sexual morphs.

Genetic variation statistics of different populations and the two sexual morphs.</p

<i>Osmanthus delavayi</i> male and hermaphrodite inflorescence characteristics.

Note: (A) Habit of male. (B) Inflorescence of male. (C) Inflorescence of hermaphrodite. (D) Structure of male flower. (E, F) Structure of hermaphrodite flower (At: anther, Ca: calyx, Co: corolla, Ov: ovary, St: stigma.).</p